document_id int32 185 2.68k | question stringlengths 11 194 | id int32 225 5.32k | answers listlengths 1 1 | chunks listlengths 5 52 | correct_chunks listlengths 0 1 | num_words int64 404 5.47k | num_tokens int64 652 7.87k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
630 | What is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children? | 262 | [
"Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide."
] | [
"Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/\n\nBoily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel\n2009-10-07\nDOI:10.13... | [
1
] | 4,636 | 7,055 |
630 | What plays the crucial role in the Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1 and what increases the risk | 276 | [
"DC-SIGNR plays a crucial role in MTCT of HIV-1 and that impaired placental DC-SIGNR expression increases risk of transmission."
] | [
"Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/\n\nBoily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel\n2009-10-07\nDOI:10.13... | [
2
] | 4,636 | 7,055 |
630 | How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide? | 278 | [
"more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa."
] | [
"Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/\n\nBoily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel\n2009-10-07\nDOI:10.13... | [
3
] | 4,636 | 7,055 |
630 | What is the role of C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 Like 1 (CCL3L1) in mother to child transmission of HIV-1? | 316 | [
"High copy numbers of CCL3L1, a potent HIV-1 suppressive ligand for CCR5, are associated with higher chemokine production and lower risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among South African infants"
] | [
"Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/\n\nBoily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel\n2009-10-07\nDOI:10.13... | [
38
] | 4,636 | 7,055 |
630 | What is DC-GENR and where is it expressed? | 305 | [
"Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)) can interact with a plethora of pathogens including HIV-1 and is expressed in placental capillary endothelial cells"
] | [
"Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/\n\nBoily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel\n2009-10-07\nDOI:10.13... | [
5
] | 4,636 | 7,055 |
630 | How does the presence of DC-SIGNR affect the MTCT of HIV-1? | 306 | [
"the presence of DC-SIGNR at the placental endothelial cell surface may protect infants from HIV-1 infection by capturing virus and promoting its degradation/presentation."
] | [
"Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/\n\nBoily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel\n2009-10-07\nDOI:10.13... | [
40
] | 4,636 | 7,055 |
630 | Why do low levels of DC-SIGNR enhance Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1? | 307 | [
"in placenta containing low levels of DC-SIGNR, HIV-1 would preferentially binds CCR5 on endothelial cells resulting in a loss of placental barrier integrity and enhanced passage of maternal HIV-1-infected cells in foetal circulation leading to MTCT of HIV-1"
] | [
"Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/\n\nBoily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel\n2009-10-07\nDOI:10.13... | [
40
] | 4,636 | 7,055 |
630 | What is the percentage of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1, when there is no intervention? | 277 | [
"Without specific interventions, the rate of HIV-1 mother-tochild transmission (MTCT) is approximately 15-45%"
] | [
"Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/\n\nBoily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel\n2009-10-07\nDOI:10.13... | [
3
] | 4,636 | 7,055 |
630 | Does C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) affect the transmission of HIV-1? | 312 | [
"Genetic variants in CCR5 have been shown to influence vertical transmission of HIV-1. CCR5 promoter variants resulting in higher expression of the receptor were associated with increased risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among sub-Saharan Africans"
] | [
"Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/\n\nBoily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel\n2009-10-07\nDOI:10.13... | [
38
] | 4,636 | 7,055 |
630 | How does Mannanose Binding Lectin (MBL) affect elimination of HIV-1 pathogen? | 318 | [
"Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an innate immune receptor synthesised in the liver and secreted in the bloodstream in response to inflammation signal. MBL promotes pathogen elimination by opsonization and phagocytosis,"
] | [
"Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/\n\nBoily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel\n2009-10-07\nDOI:10.13... | [
38
] | 4,636 | 7,055 |
630 | How can CCR5's effect in HIV-1 transmission be reduced? | 321 | [
"The 32-pb deletion polymorphism in CCR5 has be shown to protect from vertical transmission of HIV-1"
] | [
"Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752805/\n\nBoily-Larouche, Geneviève; Iscache, Anne-Laure; Zijenah, Lynn S.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Mouland, Andrew J.; Ward, Brian J.; Roger, Michel\n2009-10-07\nDOI:10.13... | [
38
] | 4,636 | 7,055 |
1,546 | What is the size of bovine coronavirus? | 917 | [
"31 kb"
] | [
"First Complete Genome Sequence of a French Bovine coronavirus Strain\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5477389/\n\nSHA: eef0ecf5b8e7b179dadaef967e65f2ab68f021e1\n\nAuthors: Kin, Nathalie; Guerard, Pauline; Diancourt, Laure; Caro, Valérie; Vabret, Astrid; Ar Gouilh, Meriadeg\nDate: 2017-05-25\nDOI: 10... | [
1
] | 568 | 1,094 |
1,546 | What is the molecular structure of bovine coronavirus? | 918 | [
"single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA"
] | [
"First Complete Genome Sequence of a French Bovine coronavirus Strain\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5477389/\n\nSHA: eef0ecf5b8e7b179dadaef967e65f2ab68f021e1\n\nAuthors: Kin, Nathalie; Guerard, Pauline; Diancourt, Laure; Caro, Valérie; Vabret, Astrid; Ar Gouilh, Meriadeg\nDate: 2017-05-25\nDOI: 10... | [
1
] | 568 | 1,094 |
1,546 | How many nucleotides does bovine coronavirus contain? | 919 | [
"30,847 nucleotides"
] | [
"First Complete Genome Sequence of a French Bovine coronavirus Strain\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5477389/\n\nSHA: eef0ecf5b8e7b179dadaef967e65f2ab68f021e1\n\nAuthors: Kin, Nathalie; Guerard, Pauline; Diancourt, Laure; Caro, Valérie; Vabret, Astrid; Ar Gouilh, Meriadeg\nDate: 2017-05-25\nDOI: 10... | [
2
] | 568 | 1,094 |
1,546 | What is the size of the orf1ab gene in bovine coronavirus? | 920 | [
"20kb"
] | [
"First Complete Genome Sequence of a French Bovine coronavirus Strain\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5477389/\n\nSHA: eef0ecf5b8e7b179dadaef967e65f2ab68f021e1\n\nAuthors: Kin, Nathalie; Guerard, Pauline; Diancourt, Laure; Caro, Valérie; Vabret, Astrid; Ar Gouilh, Meriadeg\nDate: 2017-05-25\nDOI: 10... | [
2
] | 568 | 1,094 |
1,546 | Is the orf1ab gene at the 3' or 5' end of the bovine coronavirus genome? | 921 | [
"5= side"
] | [
"First Complete Genome Sequence of a French Bovine coronavirus Strain\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5477389/\n\nSHA: eef0ecf5b8e7b179dadaef967e65f2ab68f021e1\n\nAuthors: Kin, Nathalie; Guerard, Pauline; Diancourt, Laure; Caro, Valérie; Vabret, Astrid; Ar Gouilh, Meriadeg\nDate: 2017-05-25\nDOI: 10... | [
2
] | 568 | 1,094 |
1,545 | What is a significant cause of Influenze like illness among healthy adolescents and adults presenting for medical evaluation? | 1,658 | [
"HCoV"
] | [
"Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820427/\n\nSHA: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14\n\nAuthors: Bouvier, Monique; Chen, Wei‐Ju; Arnold, John C.; Fairchok, Mary P.; Danaher, ... | [
1
] | 767 | 1,233 |
1,545 | What is the most common species of Human Coronavirus among adults? | 1,659 | [
"HCoV-OC43"
] | [
"Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820427/\n\nSHA: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14\n\nAuthors: Bouvier, Monique; Chen, Wei‐Ju; Arnold, John C.; Fairchok, Mary P.; Danaher, ... | [
2
] | 767 | 1,233 |
1,545 | Which Human Coronavirus showed species specific clinical characteristics of its infection? | 1,660 | [
"HCoV‐HKU1"
] | [
"Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820427/\n\nSHA: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14\n\nAuthors: Bouvier, Monique; Chen, Wei‐Ju; Arnold, John C.; Fairchok, Mary P.; Danaher, ... | [
1
] | 767 | 1,233 |
1,545 | What causes the outbreak of SARS and MERS. | 1,717 | [
"Highly virulent species of HCoV"
] | [
"Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820427/\n\nSHA: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14\n\nAuthors: Bouvier, Monique; Chen, Wei‐Ju; Arnold, John C.; Fairchok, Mary P.; Danaher, ... | [
2
] | 767 | 1,233 |
1,545 | What is the case fatality rate of SARS and MERS? | 1,718 | [
"ranged from 14% to 45%"
] | [
"Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820427/\n\nSHA: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14\n\nAuthors: Bouvier, Monique; Chen, Wei‐Ju; Arnold, John C.; Fairchok, Mary P.; Danaher, ... | [
2
] | 767 | 1,233 |
1,545 | What were the common HCOV strains in the 5 year USA study? | 1,719 | [
"HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E"
] | [
"Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820427/\n\nSHA: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14\n\nAuthors: Bouvier, Monique; Chen, Wei‐Ju; Arnold, John C.; Fairchok, Mary P.; Danaher, ... | [
5
] | 767 | 1,233 |
1,545 | Which species are more prevalent but less severe? | 1,720 | [
"HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E"
] | [
"Species‐specific clinical characteristics of human coronavirus infection among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820427/\n\nSHA: edfe02a438fa9b667313da8f03614303fc2a4a14\n\nAuthors: Bouvier, Monique; Chen, Wei‐Ju; Arnold, John C.; Fairchok, Mary P.; Danaher, ... | [
2
] | 767 | 1,233 |
1,552 | What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells? | 2,996 | [
"both intracellular and cell-surface factors"
] | [
"One step closer to an experimental infection system for Hepatitis B Virus? --- the identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide as a viral receptor\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562259/\n\nSHA: f4f36a8e9fee64d59ccf22b724c7dab345102658\n\nAuthors: Chen, Pei-Jer; Wu, T-C\nDate: 201... | [
1
] | 955 | 1,335 |
1,552 | What regulates the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction in a hepatitis B infection? | 2,997 | [
"heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins"
] | [
"One step closer to an experimental infection system for Hepatitis B Virus? --- the identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide as a viral receptor\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562259/\n\nSHA: f4f36a8e9fee64d59ccf22b724c7dab345102658\n\nAuthors: Chen, Pei-Jer; Wu, T-C\nDate: 201... | [
2
] | 955 | 1,335 |
1,552 | Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection? | 2,998 | [
"Nterminus of HBV preS1 (amino acids 1-47)"
] | [
"One step closer to an experimental infection system for Hepatitis B Virus? --- the identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide as a viral receptor\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562259/\n\nSHA: f4f36a8e9fee64d59ccf22b724c7dab345102658\n\nAuthors: Chen, Pei-Jer; Wu, T-C\nDate: 201... | [
3
] | 955 | 1,335 |
1,552 | Where is NTCP located in the body? | 2,999 | [
"lateral surface (canalicular) of hepatocytes"
] | [
"One step closer to an experimental infection system for Hepatitis B Virus? --- the identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide as a viral receptor\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562259/\n\nSHA: f4f36a8e9fee64d59ccf22b724c7dab345102658\n\nAuthors: Chen, Pei-Jer; Wu, T-C\nDate: 201... | [
6
] | 955 | 1,335 |
1,552 | What does the NTCP protein mediate? | 3,000 | [
"bile acid transport"
] | [
"One step closer to an experimental infection system for Hepatitis B Virus? --- the identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide as a viral receptor\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562259/\n\nSHA: f4f36a8e9fee64d59ccf22b724c7dab345102658\n\nAuthors: Chen, Pei-Jer; Wu, T-C\nDate: 201... | [
6
] | 955 | 1,335 |
1,552 | Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection? | 3,001 | [
"not sufficient"
] | [
"One step closer to an experimental infection system for Hepatitis B Virus? --- the identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide as a viral receptor\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562259/\n\nSHA: f4f36a8e9fee64d59ccf22b724c7dab345102658\n\nAuthors: Chen, Pei-Jer; Wu, T-C\nDate: 201... | [
7
] | 955 | 1,335 |
1,552 | Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection? | 3,002 | [
"the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected"
] | [
"One step closer to an experimental infection system for Hepatitis B Virus? --- the identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting peptide as a viral receptor\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3562259/\n\nSHA: f4f36a8e9fee64d59ccf22b724c7dab345102658\n\nAuthors: Chen, Pei-Jer; Wu, T-C\nDate: 201... | [
7
] | 955 | 1,335 |
1,553 | What kinds of viruses are Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), sindbis virus(SV), and dengue virus(DV)? | 3,003 | [
"arboviruses"
] | [
"Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/\n\nSHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122\n\nAuthors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; ... | [
3
] | 2,448 | 3,672 |
1,553 | What are the current clinically-available methods to detect encephalitis viral antigens? | 3,004 | [
"ELISA and IFA"
] | [
"Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/\n\nSHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122\n\nAuthors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; ... | [
3
] | 2,448 | 3,672 |
1,553 | What methods exist for detecting multiple antigens simultaneously in a one-sample, laboratory test? | 3,005 | [
"two-dimensional gel electrophoresis , protein chip, mass spectrometry, and suspension array technology"
] | [
"Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/\n\nSHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122\n\nAuthors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; ... | [
3
] | 2,448 | 3,672 |
1,553 | How many antigens could be detected by Liew's multiplex ELISA test? | 3,006 | [
"9"
] | [
"Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/\n\nSHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122\n\nAuthors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; ... | [
0
] | 2,448 | 3,672 |
1,553 | What kind of antibodies were used in the ELISA-array assay? | 3,007 | [
"monoclonal"
] | [
"Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/\n\nSHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122\n\nAuthors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; ... | [
1
] | 2,448 | 3,672 |
1,553 | How was the ELISA assay validated? | 3,008 | [
"using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera"
] | [
"Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/\n\nSHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122\n\nAuthors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; ... | [
5
] | 2,448 | 3,672 |
1,553 | What capture antibodies were used in the study? | 3,009 | [
"4D5, 2B5, 1F1, 2B8, 4F9, and 4E11"
] | [
"Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/\n\nSHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122\n\nAuthors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; ... | [
6
] | 2,448 | 3,672 |
1,553 | What was the spotting concentration range for the capture antibodies? | 3,010 | [
"from 0.2 to 0.0125 mg/ml"
] | [
"Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/\n\nSHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122\n\nAuthors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; ... | [
12
] | 2,448 | 3,672 |
1,553 | How was the proper spotting concentration determined? | 3,011 | [
"combination of minimized cross reaction and higher signal intensity"
] | [
"Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/\n\nSHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122\n\nAuthors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; ... | [
12
] | 2,448 | 3,672 |
1,553 | How was cross reaction detection determined? | 3,012 | [
"by applying JEV, YF, and DV cultures"
] | [
"Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/\n\nSHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122\n\nAuthors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; ... | [
12
] | 2,448 | 3,672 |
1,553 | How was the ELISA-array assay validated? | 3,013 | [
"using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera"
] | [
"Development of an ELISA-array for simultaneous detection of five encephalitis viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305475/\n\nSHA: ef2b8f83d5a3ab8ae35e4b51fea6d3ed9eb49122\n\nAuthors: Kang, Xiaoping; Li, Yuchang; Fan, Li; Lin, Fang; Wei, Jingjing; Zhu, Xiaolei; Hu, Yi; Li, Jing; Chang, Guohui; ... | [
5
] | 2,448 | 3,672 |
1,557 | In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China? | 3,014 | [
"108 per 100,000"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
3
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | What is the population of Shandong province? | 3,015 | [
"94 million"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
1
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | What was the purpose of this study? | 3,016 | [
"estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
4
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | What was the age range for the people surveyed? | 3,017 | [
"15 years old or above"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
4
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | How was the survey designed? | 3,018 | [
"in accordance with WHO recommendations"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
5
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | Was was the sample size? | 3,019 | [
"52500"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
5
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | How were the clusters selected? | 3,020 | [
"A stratified multi stage random sampling"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
6
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | How many people were in a community cluster? | 3,021 | [
"1250 to 1750"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
6
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | Who was excluded from the study? | 3,022 | [
"Military barracks and prisons"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
6
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | When was the study conducted? | 3,023 | [
"March to June 2010"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
7
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | Who conducted the study? | 3,024 | [
"clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
7
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | What medium was used to collect the sputum samples? | 3,025 | [
"Löwenstein-Jensen medium"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
9
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | What was the response rate for the study? | 3,026 | [
"95% to 97%"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
13
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | What was the average age of a study participant? | 3,027 | [
"46 years"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
13
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | What was the prevalence rate in Shandong in 2010 for sputum positive cases of tuberculosis? | 3,028 | [
"22.1"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
18
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | What was the most striking finding of the study regarding tuberculosis patients? | 3,029 | [
"a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
20
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | How many cases of sputum positive tuberculosis patients had no persistent cough? | 3,030 | [
"45%"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
20
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,557 | How many tuberculosis patients in Shandong were over 65 years old? | 3,031 | [
"over half"
] | [
"Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890533/\n\nSHA: eef61bdfa49b8652fd660b5b8b7e74cf51922505\n\nAuthors: Wei, Xiaolin; Zhang, Xiulei; Yin, Jia; Walley, John; Beanland, Rachel; Zou, Gu... | [
25
] | 3,331 | 4,450 |
1,565 | What enzymes have been reported to be linked with severity of infection and various pathological conditions caused by microorganisms? | 3,041 | [
"cysteine proteases"
] | [
"Design, Synthesis, Evaluation and Thermodynamics of 1-Substituted Pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]Pyridine Derivatives as Cysteine Protease Inhibitors\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3734177/\n\nSHA: ee8483f8f2cc5fe38be4e565eae3af9d0bb8220b\n\nAuthors: Khan, Mohd Sajid; Baig, Mohd Hassan; Ahmad, Saheem; Siddi... | [
1
] | 3,444 | 5,218 |
1,565 | At what temperatures was the assay completed? | 3,042 | [
"32uC, 37uC, 42uC"
] | [
"Design, Synthesis, Evaluation and Thermodynamics of 1-Substituted Pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]Pyridine Derivatives as Cysteine Protease Inhibitors\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3734177/\n\nSHA: ee8483f8f2cc5fe38be4e565eae3af9d0bb8220b\n\nAuthors: Khan, Mohd Sajid; Baig, Mohd Hassan; Ahmad, Saheem; Siddi... | [
14
] | 3,444 | 5,218 |
1,565 | What criteria sets the guideline for drug-like properties? | 3,043 | [
"Lipinski's ''Rule of five''"
] | [
"Design, Synthesis, Evaluation and Thermodynamics of 1-Substituted Pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]Pyridine Derivatives as Cysteine Protease Inhibitors\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3734177/\n\nSHA: ee8483f8f2cc5fe38be4e565eae3af9d0bb8220b\n\nAuthors: Khan, Mohd Sajid; Baig, Mohd Hassan; Ahmad, Saheem; Siddi... | [
10
] | 3,444 | 5,218 |
1,565 | What could be novel candidates as potent inhibitors of papain like cysteine proteases in resistant microorganisms? | 3,044 | [
"1-substituted pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives"
] | [
"Design, Synthesis, Evaluation and Thermodynamics of 1-Substituted Pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]Pyridine Derivatives as Cysteine Protease Inhibitors\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3734177/\n\nSHA: ee8483f8f2cc5fe38be4e565eae3af9d0bb8220b\n\nAuthors: Khan, Mohd Sajid; Baig, Mohd Hassan; Ahmad, Saheem; Siddi... | [
7
] | 3,444 | 5,218 |
1,547 | How long is the SAIBK gene? | 1,622 | [
"27,534 nucleotides"
] | [
"Complete Genome Sequence of a Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Isolated in China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795213/\n\nSHA: f2df4fc3c60338755fd23da3d7e01c0455e20745\n\nAuthors: Yang, Jing-tian; Ma, Bing-cun\nDate: 2013-10-10\nDOI: 10.1128/genomea.00815-13\nLicense: cc-by\n\... | [
2
] | 584 | 1,015 |
1,547 | How many open reading frames are in the SAIBK gene? | 1,623 | [
"10"
] | [
"Complete Genome Sequence of a Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Isolated in China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795213/\n\nSHA: f2df4fc3c60338755fd23da3d7e01c0455e20745\n\nAuthors: Yang, Jing-tian; Ma, Bing-cun\nDate: 2013-10-10\nDOI: 10.1128/genomea.00815-13\nLicense: cc-by\n\... | [
0
] | 584 | 1,015 |
1,547 | What virus has the closest genetic identity with the SAIBK gene? | 1,624 | [
"Chinese IBV strain SC021202"
] | [
"Complete Genome Sequence of a Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Isolated in China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795213/\n\nSHA: f2df4fc3c60338755fd23da3d7e01c0455e20745\n\nAuthors: Yang, Jing-tian; Ma, Bing-cun\nDate: 2013-10-10\nDOI: 10.1128/genomea.00815-13\nLicense: cc-by\n\... | [
3
] | 584 | 1,015 |
187 | How many surgical masks or respirators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States? | 257 | [
"an estimated 7.3 billion"
] | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nLessons From Previous Epidemics\nhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285\nFebruary 11, 2020\nDavid L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2\nAuthor Affiliations Article Information\nJAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.100... | [
8
] | 2,853 | 4,807 |
187 | What is the acronym MERS-CoV? | 248 | [
"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus"
] | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nLessons From Previous Epidemics\nhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285\nFebruary 11, 2020\nDavid L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2\nAuthor Affiliations Article Information\nJAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.100... | [
1
] | 2,853 | 4,807 |
187 | What are the critical factors that determine the effect of an epidemic? | 249 | [
"Transmissibility and severity"
] | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nLessons From Previous Epidemics\nhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285\nFebruary 11, 2020\nDavid L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2\nAuthor Affiliations Article Information\nJAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.100... | [
1
] | 2,853 | 4,807 |
187 | When did the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declare the 2019-nCoV epidemic as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern? | 250 | [
"January 30, 2020"
] | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nLessons From Previous Epidemics\nhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285\nFebruary 11, 2020\nDavid L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2\nAuthor Affiliations Article Information\nJAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.100... | [
11
] | 2,853 | 4,807 |
187 | What influenza virus was identified in China in 2013? | 251 | [
"H7N9"
] | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nLessons From Previous Epidemics\nhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285\nFebruary 11, 2020\nDavid L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2\nAuthor Affiliations Article Information\nJAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.100... | [
8
] | 2,853 | 4,807 |
187 | What past research has been done on severe, single-wave pandemics? | 252 | [
"After a new influenza virus (H7N9) was identified in China in 2013, a series of modeling articles described the effect of, and level of preparedness for, a severe, single-wave pandemic in the United States."
] | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nLessons From Previous Epidemics\nhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285\nFebruary 11, 2020\nDavid L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2\nAuthor Affiliations Article Information\nJAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.100... | [
8
] | 2,853 | 4,807 |
187 | What is a clinical attack rate? | 253 | [
"the proportion of individuals who become ill with or die from a disease in a population initially uninfected"
] | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nLessons From Previous Epidemics\nhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285\nFebruary 11, 2020\nDavid L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2\nAuthor Affiliations Article Information\nJAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.100... | [
8
] | 2,853 | 4,807 |
187 | What was the clinical attack rate in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic? | 254 | [
"20%"
] | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nLessons From Previous Epidemics\nhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285\nFebruary 11, 2020\nDavid L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2\nAuthor Affiliations Article Information\nJAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.100... | [
8
] | 2,853 | 4,807 |
187 | What is the estimated R0 of COVID-19? | 255 | [
"2.2"
] | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nLessons From Previous Epidemics\nhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285\nFebruary 11, 2020\nDavid L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2\nAuthor Affiliations Article Information\nJAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.100... | [
10
] | 2,853 | 4,807 |
187 | How many ventilators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States? | 1,657 | [
"35 000 to 60 000"
] | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nLessons From Previous Epidemics\nhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285\nFebruary 11, 2020\nDavid L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2\nAuthor Affiliations Article Information\nJAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.100... | [
8
] | 2,853 | 4,807 |
1,582 | How is exhaled breath condensate used in viral research? | 5,193 | [
"the isolation of respiratory viruses"
] | [
"Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/\n\nSHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc\n\nAuthors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive;... | [
1
] | 3,427 | 4,677 |
1,582 | How many patients were i this study? | 5,194 | [
"102"
] | [
"Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/\n\nSHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc\n\nAuthors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive;... | [
1
] | 3,427 | 4,677 |
1,582 | What was the conclusion of this study? | 5,195 | [
"EBC collection using the RTube™ is not reliable for diagnosis of respiratory infections"
] | [
"Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/\n\nSHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc\n\nAuthors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive;... | [
2
] | 3,427 | 4,677 |
1,582 | How long did the patient breath into the RTube? | 5,196 | [
"10 minutes"
] | [
"Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/\n\nSHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc\n\nAuthors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive;... | [
5
] | 3,427 | 4,677 |
1,582 | What followed the reverse transcription step in the analysis? | 5,197 | [
"denaturation step"
] | [
"Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/\n\nSHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc\n\nAuthors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive;... | [
10
] | 3,427 | 4,677 |
1,582 | What was the last step in the analysis? | 5,198 | [
"amplification step"
] | [
"Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/\n\nSHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc\n\nAuthors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive;... | [
13
] | 3,427 | 4,677 |
1,582 | What percentage of the patients were between 20 and 30 years old in this study? | 5,199 | [
"52%"
] | [
"Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/\n\nSHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc\n\nAuthors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive;... | [
14
] | 3,427 | 4,677 |
1,582 | Why is EBC an attractive method for screening? | 5,200 | [
"easy to perform and can be conducted in a home environment"
] | [
"Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/\n\nSHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc\n\nAuthors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive;... | [
18
] | 3,427 | 4,677 |
1,571 | What is the leading cause of death among children after the age of 1 month? | 502 | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period,"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
1
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | How has the number of childhood pneumonia been reduced? | 504 | [
"New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
1
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What percentage of childhood deaths are due to pneumonia? | 507 | [
"approximately 900,000 of the estimated 6.3 million child deaths in 2013"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
2
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | How has the childhood population grown in the last two decades? | 510 | [
"global childhood population from 605 million in 2000 to 664 million in 2015"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
4
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What is the reduction in the number of childhood pneumonia cases? | 511 | [
"Recent data suggest that there has been a 25% decrease in the incidence of pneumonia, from 0.29 episodes per child year in low-and middle-income countries in 2000, to 0.22 episodes per child year in 2010 [3] . This is substantiated by a 58% decrease in pneumonia-associated disability-adjusted life years between 19... | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
4
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | How much is the reduction in the childhood pneumonia deaths? | 512 | [
"Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
4
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | Childhood pneumonia rate for high income countries vs low and middle income countries. | 513 | [
"The incidence in high-income countries is estimated at 0.015 episodes per child year, compared to 0.22 episodes per child year in low-and middle-income countries [3] . On average, 1 in 66 children in high-income countries is affected by pneumonia per year, compared to 1 in 5 children in low-and middle-income count... | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
5
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What percentage of childhood pneumonia deaths occur outside hospital in low and middle income countries? | 514 | [
"up to 81% of severe pneumonia deaths occur outside a hospital"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
5
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | Case Fatality Rates for Childhood Pneumonia in high income vs low and middle income countries. | 515 | [
"the case fatality rate is estimated to be almost 10-fold higher in low-and middle-income countries as compared to high-income countries"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
5
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | How can childhood pneumonia affect the subsequent health of a person? | 516 | [
"Early life pneumonia can impair longterm lung health by decreasing lung function [6] . Severe or recurrent pneumonia can have a worse effect on lung function; increasing evidence suggests that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease might be related to early childhood pneumonia"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
6
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What is the increase in the risk of respiratory disease after having childhood pneumonia. | 517 | [
"The risk of developing at least one of the major sequelae was estimated as 6% after an ambulatory pneumonia event and 14% after an episode of hospitalized pneumonia."
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
6
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | Which is the best method to identify pneumonia in a person? | 518 | [
"Chest radiologic changes have been considered the gold standard for defining a pneumonia event"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
8
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What is responsible for the reduction of radiologic pneumonia? | 520 | [
"Widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination has decreased the incidence of radiologic pneumonia."
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
10
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What is the percentage reduction in pneumonia cases due to vaccination? | 521 | [
"Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination in high-burden communities, the vaccination was associated with an 18% decrease in radiologic pneumonia [13] . Introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination was associated with a 26% decrease in radiologic pneumonia in California between 1995 and 1998 [14] .... | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
10
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What is the revised WHO definition of Bacterial Pneumonia? | 522 | [
"A revised case definition of \"presumed bacterial pneumonia\" has been introduced, and this definition includes pneumonia cases with WHO-defined alveolar consolidation, as well as those with other abnormal chest radiograph infiltrates and a serum C-reactive protein of at least 40 mg/L"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What is the reduction in bacterial pneumonia under the revised WHO definition of bacterial pneumonia? | 524 | [
"Using the revised definition, the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-10), had a vaccine efficacy of 22% in preventing presumed bacterial pneumonia in young children in South America [22] , and pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-13 had a vaccine efficacy of 39% in preventin... | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
12
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
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