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7_34 | Topography ( edit ) Topography of Nigeria Nigeria 's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue River valleys ( which merge into each other and form a `` y '' shaped confluence at Lokoja ) . Plains rise to the north of the valleys . To the southwest of the Niger there is `` rugge... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 34 | 16,029 | 16,620 |
7_35 | ( January 2011 ) The Niger Delta is located in the southern part of Nigeria . It is one of the world 's largest arcuate fan - shaped river deltas . The riverine area of the Niger Delta is a coastal belt of swamps bordering the Atlantic ocean . The swamps are vegetated tidal flats formed by a reticulate pattern of inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 35 | 16,620 | 17,115 |
7_36 | The forest are of two types , nearest the sea is a belt of saline / brackish Mangrove swamp separated from the sea by sand beach ridges within the mangrove swamp . Numerous sandy islands occur with fresh water vegetation . Fresh water swamps gradually supersede the mangrove on the landward side . About 70 % of Nigeria... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 36 | 17,115 | 17,593 |
7_37 | ( January 2011 ) The riverine area is home to a large population of people living mainly in small villages scattered along the banks of rivers and creeks . Rainfall in Niger Delta ( edit ) Rainfall in the coastal belt of the Niger Delta is heavy due to the closeness of the Delta region to the equator . Annual rainfall... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 37 | 17,593 | 17,962 |
7_38 | Niger Delta cities and their annually rainfall totals in millimeters : Warri -- 2,730 mm Forcados ( coastal town in the Niger Delta ) -- 4,870 mm Port Harcourt -- 2,400 mm Calabar ( coastal city ) -- 3,070 mm ( rainiest city with over one million people in Nigeria ) Bonny ( south of Port Harcourt ) -- 4,200 mm Vegetat... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 38 | 17,962 | 18,322 |
7_39 | Nigeria is covered by three types of vegetation : forests ( where there is significant tree cover ) , savannahs ( insignificant tree cover , with grasses and flowers located between trees ) , and montane land . ( The latter is the least common , and is mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon border . ) Both th... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 39 | 18,322 | 18,873 |
7_40 | North of this is fresh water swamp , containing different vegetation from the salt water mangrove swamps , and north of that is rain forest . The savannah zone 's three categories are divided into mm ' Guinean forest - savanna mosaic , made up of plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees , the most common ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 40 | 18,873 | 19,353 |
7_41 | Natural resources and land Use ( edit ) Nigeria 's natural resources include but are not limited to petroleum ( see petroleum in Nigeria ) , tin , columbite , iron ore , coal , limestone , lead , zinc , natural gas , hydropower , and arable land . Extreme points ( edit ) This is a list of the extreme points of Nigeria... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 41 | 19,353 | 19,884 |
7_42 | Easternmost point -- unnamed location on the border with Cameroon immediately east of the village of Munyego , Borno State . Southernmost point -- unnamed headland south of the town of Egeregere , Bayelsa State . Westernmost point -- unnamed location on the border with Benin Republic immediately east of the Beninoise ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 42 | 19,884 | 20,351 |
7_43 | Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://iahs.info/redbooks/a281/iahs_281_277.pdf Jump up ^ Adedoyin J.A. ( 1989 ) . `` Initiation of West African squall lines '' . Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics. 41 : 99 -- 103 . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 43 | 20,351 | 20,620 |
7_44 | doi : 10.1007 / BF01043455 . Jump up ^ `` Jos Plateau forest - grassland mosaic '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Jump up ^ http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3565:maiduguri-residents-how-we-cope-under-harsh-48-degree-celsius&catid=41:latest-news&Itemid=26 Archi... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 44 | 20,620 | 20,983 |
7_45 | Jump up ^ http://desertification.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/late-dust-storm-covers-nigeria-google-ap/ Jump up ^ College Park MD ( SPX ) ( Jun 11 , 2004 ) . `` EARTH OBSERVATION Researchers Seeing Double On African Monsoons '' . SPACE MEDIA NETWORK PROMOTIONS . Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Country Niger... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 45 | 20,983 | 21,370 |
7_46 | Retrieved 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.nigeria-weather.com/ ^ Jump up to : `` Nigeria '' . Encarta . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria '' . Geographical Alliance of Iowa . University of Norther... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 46 | 21,370 | 21,745 |
7_47 | Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 47 | 21,745 | 21,772 |
7_48 | Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Geography Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions C... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 48 | 21,772 | 22,587 |
7_49 | Congress Health Languages Organized crime Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria , Herder -- farmer conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict 2016 Biafra conflict Culture Anthem Cinema Nollywood Colonial era Golden Age Video film era New Wave Coat of arm... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 49 | 22,587 | 23,299 |
7_50 | atorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 50 | 23,299 | 23,938 |
7_51 | Kingdom ) Western Sahara Climate of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 51 | 23,938 | 24,578 |
7_52 | with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Coordinates : 10 ° 00 ′ N 8 ° 00 ′ E ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 52 | 24,578 | 25,025 |
7_53 | id=831059315 '' Categories : Geography of Nigeria Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from January 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Български Español Français 한국어 Ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 53 | 25,025 | 25,506 |
7_54 | Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 | Geography of Nigeria | 54 | 25,506 | 25,806 |
8_0 | Health ( Gaming ) - wikipedia Health ( Gaming ) Jump to : navigation , search A health bar , a possible representation of the health of a character . Health or vitality is an attribute assigned to entities , such as the player character , enemies and objects within a role - playing or video game , that indicates its st... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 0 | 0 | 544 |
8_1 | When the HP of an enemy reaches zero , it may be defeated or die and the player is usually rewarded in some way . Any entity within a game could have a health value , including the player character , non-player characters and objects . Indestructible entities have no diminishable health value . Health might be display... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 1 | 544 | 1,044 |
8_2 | In video games , health can also be displayed graphically , such as with a bar that empties itself when an entity loses health ( a health bar , typically red ) , icons that are `` chipped away '' , or in more novel ways . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Usage 2.1 Regeneration 3 Display 4 References History ( edit ) Dung... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 2 | 1,044 | 1,459 |
8_3 | When Arneson was adapting the medieval wargame Chainmail ( 1971 ) to a fantasy setting , a process that with Gary Gygax would lead to Dungeons & Dragons , he saw that the emphasis of the gameplay was moving from large armies to small groups of heroes and eventually to the identification of one player and one character... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 3 | 1,459 | 2,052 |
8_4 | Arneson took the concept , along with armor class , from a set of a naval American Civil War game 's rules . US Navy used similar concept in their tactical war games already in 1920s and 1930s . In their simulation each ship had Life parameter . The unit of Life of the ship was a number of `` equivalent penetrative 14... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 4 | 2,052 | 2,512 |
8_5 | A visual power meter representing stamina was used in Nintendo 's 1983 arcade game Punch - Out ! ! and Data East 's 1981 DECO Cassette System arcade game Flash Boy . Usage ( edit ) In action video games as well as in role - playing games , health points can usually be depleted by attacking the entity . A defense attri... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 5 | 2,512 | 3,055 |
8_6 | In game design , it is deemed important that a player is aware of it when they are losing health , each hit playing a clear sound effect . Author Scott Rogers states that `` health should deplete in an obvious manner , because with every hit , a player is closer to losing their life . '' The display of health also hel... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 6 | 3,055 | 3,677 |
8_7 | In general , the different methods of regenerating health has its uses in a particular genre . In action games , this method is very quick , whereas role - playing games feature slower paced methods to match the gameplay and realism . Some video games feature automatically regenerating health , where lost health point... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 7 | 3,677 | 4,146 |
8_8 | However , automatically regenerating health may also cause a player to `` power through '' sections they might otherwise have had to approach cautiously , simply because there are no lasting consequences to losing a large amount of health . This mechanic initially appeared in action role - playing games , with early e... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 8 | 4,146 | 4,720 |
8_9 | This system was popularized in first - person shooters by Halo : Combat Evolved ( 2001 ) , though regenerating health in The Getaway ( 2002 ) has been cited to be more comparable to later use of the mechanic in first - person shooters . Display ( edit ) Heart - shaped icons can indicate the amount of health a player h... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 9 | 4,720 | 5,224 |
8_10 | This is done in the Legend of Zelda series , Minecraft and Monster Hunter series to keep the player 's progress in defeating their enemy unclear and therefore exciting . In these games , the fact that the enemies are being damaged is indicated by their behavior . On the other hand , many fighting games , such as the S... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 10 | 5,224 | 5,873 |
8_11 | These visual effects fade as health regenerates . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moore , Michael ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) . Basics of Game Design . CRC Press . pp. 151 , 194 . ISBN 1439867763 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Chris Antista . `` The 10 most creative life bars '' . GamesRadar. 2010 - 08 - 17 . p. 2 . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 11 | 5,873 | 6,193 |
8_12 | Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Scott ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . Level Up ! : The Guide to Great Video Game Design . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 276 -- 277 . ISBN 0470970928 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Allen Rausch ( 2004 - 08 - 19 ) . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 12 | 6,193 | 6,469 |
8_13 | `` Dave Arneson Interview '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ American Calculations of Battleline Strength , 1941 - 2 , Alan D. Zimm , The Northern Mariner / le marin du nord , XIX No. 3 , ( July 2009 ) , 291 - 317 Jump up ^ `` Glass Joe Boxes Clever '' . Computer + Video Games . Future Publishing : 47... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 13 | 6,469 | 6,805 |
8_14 | Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ John Szczepaniak , History of Japanese Video Games , Kinephanos , ISSN 1916 - 985X Jump up ^ Nickogibson ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) . `` What is an RPG - Intro to RPG Games '' . Slideshare . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Tracy ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 14 | 6,805 | 7,106 |
8_15 | Game Design Workshop : A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games . CRC Press . pp. 72 , 73 . ISBN 0240809742 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Duggan , Michael ( 2011 ) . RPG Maker for Teens . Cengage Learning . pp. 109 , 141 . ISBN 1435459679 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 15 | 7,106 | 7,394 |
8_16 | Jump up ^ Jonathan Moriarty ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Video Game Basics : The Health Bar '' . Baltimoregamer.com . Archived from the original on 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Dunn , Jeff ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Stop , Drop , and Heal : The history of regenerating health '' . GamesRadar . Retr... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 16 | 7,394 | 7,736 |
8_17 | Jump up ^ Sulliven , Lucas . `` Top 7 ... Games you did n't know did it first '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : John Szczepaniak ( 2016 ) . `` dB - SOFT Gaming 101 '' . The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers . 2 . Jump up ^ Szczepaniak , John ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` Falcom : Legacy of Ys... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 17 | 7,736 | 8,061 |
8_18 | Games ( 111 ) : 152 -- 159 ( 153 ) . ( cf . Szczepaniak , John ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` History of Ys interviews '' . Hardcore Gaming 101 . Retrieved 6 September 2011. ) Jump up ^ Jon Martindale ( 2012 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Let 's Kill off Health Bars '' . Kit Guru Gaming . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 18 | 8,061 | 8,375 |
8_19 | Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Novak , Jeannie ( 2013 - 04 - 11 ) . The Official GameSalad Guide to Game Development . Cengage Learning . p. 31 . ISBN 1133605648 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Voorhees , Gerald A. ; Call , Joshua ; Whitlock , Katie ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 19 | 8,375 | 8,659 |
8_20 | `` Disposable Bodies : Cyborg Regeneration and FPS Mechanics '' . Guns , Grenades , and Grunts : First - Person Shooter Games ( Google eBook ) . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 1441191445 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 20 | 8,659 | 8,877 |
8_21 | ( hide ) Concepts of video games Glossary of video game terms Attributes Health Life Experience point Magic Mechanics Item Power - up HUD Warp Fog of war Invisible wall Cutscene Mini-map Paper doll Destructible environment Loading screen Replay value Scripted sequence Password Line of sight Critical hit Level Permadea... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 21 | 8,877 | 9,543 |
8_22 | 15199 '' Categories : Role - playing game terminology Video game terminology Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk P... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 22 | 9,543 | 10,093 |
8_23 | By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 | Health (gaming) | 23 | 10,093 | 10,284 |
9_0 | Cyrus Cylinder - wikipedia Cyrus Cylinder Jump to : navigation , search Cyrus Cylinder The Cyrus Cylinder , obverse and reverse sides Material Baked clay Size 22.5 centimetres ( 8.9 in ) x 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) ( maximum ) Writing Akkadian cuneiform script Created About 539 -- 538 BC Period / culture Achaemenid Emp... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 0 | 0 | 462 |
9_1 | 0 Registration 1880 , 0617.1941 The Cyrus Cylinder ( Persian : استوانه کوروش , translit . Ostovane - ye Kūrosh ) or Cyrus Charter ( منشور کوروش Manshūre Kūrosh ) is an ancient clay cylinder , now broken into several pieces , on which is written a declaration in Akkadian cuneiform script in the name of Persia 's Achae... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 1 | 462 | 810 |
9_2 | It dates from the 6th century BC and was discovered in the ruins of Babylon in Mesopotamia ( modern Iraq ) in 1879 . It is currently in the possession of the British Museum , which sponsored the expedition that discovered the cylinder . It was created and used as a foundation deposit following the Persian conquest of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 2 | 810 | 1,358 |
9_3 | The Babylonian king Nabonidus , who was defeated and deposed by Cyrus , is denounced as an impious oppressor of the people of Babylonia and his low - born origins are implicitly contrasted to Cyrus ' kingly heritage . The victorious Cyrus is portrayed as having been chosen by the chief Babylonian god Marduk to restore... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 3 | 1,358 | 1,901 |
9_4 | It extols Cyrus as a benefactor of the citizens of Babylonia who improved their lives , repatriated displaced people and restored temples and cult sanctuaries across Mesopotamia and elsewhere in the region . It concludes with a description of how Cyrus repaired the city wall of Babylon and found a similar inscription ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 4 | 1,901 | 2,254 |
9_5 | The Cylinder 's text has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of Cyrus ' policy of the repatriation of the Jewish people following their Babylonian captivity ( an act that the Book of Ezra attributes to Cyrus ) , as the text refers to the restoration of cult sanctuaries and repatriati... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 5 | 2,254 | 2,747 |
9_6 | The Cylinder has also been referred to by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , the last Shah of Iran as the first declaration of universal human rights , a view rejected by some historians as anachronistic and a misunderstanding of the Cylinder 's generic nature as a typical statement made by a new monarch at the beginning of his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 6 | 2,747 | 3,293 |
9_7 | It was adopted as a national symbol of Iran by the Imperial State which put it on display in Tehran in 1971 to commemorate 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire . On October 14 , the Mohammad Reza Shah 's sister , Princess Ashraf Pahlavi , presented the United Nations Secretary General U Thant with a replica of... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 7 | 3,293 | 3,792 |
9_8 | Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Description 2.1 Text 2.2 Associated fragments 2.3 Relation to a Chinese bone inscription 3 Interpretations 3.1 Mesopotamian and Persian tradition and propaganda 3.1. 1 Similarities with other royal inscriptions 3.1. 2 Analysis of the Cylinder 's claims 3.2 Biblical interpretations 3.3 H... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 8 | 3,792 | 4,211 |
9_9 | 3 Scholarly views 4 Exhibition history 5 Freedom Sculpture 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Books and journals 8.2 Media articles 8.3 Other sources 8.4 Editions and translations 9 External links Discovery ( edit ) Hormuzd Rassam in Mosul circa 1854 . The Cyrus Cylinder was discovered during Rassam 's excavations in... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 9 | 4,211 | 4,567 |
9_10 | The Assyro - British archaeologist Hormuzd Rassam discovered the Cyrus Cylinder in March 1879 during a lengthy programme of excavations in Mesopotamia carried out for the British Museum . It had been placed as a foundation deposit in the foundations of the Ésagila , the city 's main temple . Rassam 's expedition follo... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 10 | 4,567 | 5,061 |
9_11 | In 1877 , Layard became Britain 's ambassador to the Ottoman Empire , which ruled Mesopotamia at the time . He helped Rassam , who had been his assistant in the 1850 dig , to obtain a firman ( decree ) from the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to continue the earlier excavations . The firman was only valid for a year but... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 11 | 5,061 | 5,451 |
9_12 | It was granted for two years ( through to 15 October 1880 ) with the promise of an extension to 1882 if required . The Sultan 's decree authorised Rassam to `` pack and dispatch to England any antiquities ( he ) found ... provided , however , there were no duplicates . '' A representative of the Sultan was instructed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 12 | 5,451 | 6,045 |
9_13 | In between each phase , he returned to England to bring back his finds and raise more funds for further work . The Cyrus Cylinder was found on the second of his four expeditions to Mesopotamia , which began with his departure from London on 8 October 1878 . He arrived in his home town of Mosul on 16 November and trave... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 13 | 6,045 | 6,588 |
9_14 | Hormuzd Rassam 's diggers found the Cyrus Cylinder in the mound of Tell Amran - ibn - Ali ( marked with an `` E '' at the centre of the map ) under which lay the ruined Esagila temple . He soon uncovered a number of important buildings including the Ésagila temple . This was a major shrine to the chief Babylonian god ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 14 | 6,588 | 7,033 |
9_15 | The excavators found a large number of business documents written on clay tablets buried in the temple 's foundations where they discovered the Cyrus Cylinder . Rassam gave conflicting accounts of where his discoveries were made . He wrote in his memoirs , Asshur and the land of Nimrod , that the Cylinder had been fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 15 | 7,033 | 7,438 |
9_16 | However , in a letter sent on 20 November 1879 to Samuel Birch , the Keeper of Oriental Antiquities at the British Museum , he wrote , `` The Cylinder of Cyrus was found at Omran ( Tell Amran - ibn - Ali ) with about six hundred pieces of inscribed terracottas before I left Baghdad . '' He left Baghdad on 2 April , re... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 16 | 7,438 | 7,861 |
9_17 | The discovery was announced to the public by Sir Henry Rawlinson , the President of the Royal Asiatic Society , at a meeting of the Society on 17 November 1879 . He described it as `` one of the most interesting historical records in the cuneiform character that has yet been brought to light , '' though he erroneously... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 17 | 7,861 | 8,458 |
9_18 | Description ( edit ) The Cyrus Cylinder is a barrel - shaped cylinder of baked clay measuring 22.5 centimetres ( 8.9 in ) by 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) at its maximum diameter . It was created in several stages around a cone - shaped core of clay within which there are large grey stone inclusions . It was built up with... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 18 | 8,458 | 9,015 |
9_19 | Today it exists in two main fragments , known as `` A '' and `` B '' , which were reunited in 1972 . The main body of the Cylinder , discovered by Rassam in 1879 , is fragment `` A '' . It underwent restoration in 1961 , when it was re-fired and plaster filling was added . The smaller fragment , `` B '' , is a section... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 19 | 9,015 | 9,404 |
9_20 | The latter fragment was acquired by J.B. Nies of Yale University from an antiquities dealer . Nies published the text in 1920 . The fragment was apparently broken off the main body of the Cylinder during the original excavations in 1879 and was either removed from the excavations or was retrieved from one of Rassam 's... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 20 | 9,404 | 9,877 |
9_21 | Yale University lent the fragment to the British Museum temporarily ( but , in practice , indefinitely ) in exchange for `` a suitable cuneiform tablet '' from the British Museum collection . Although the Cylinder clearly post-dates Cyrus the Great 's conquest of Babylon in 539 BC , the date of its creation is unclear... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 21 | 9,877 | 10,385 |
9_22 | Text ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cyrus cylinder The surviving inscription on the Cyrus Cylinder consists of 45 lines of text written in Akkadian cuneiform script . The first 35 lines are on fragment `` A '' and the remainder are on fragment `` B . '' A number of lines at the start a... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 22 | 10,385 | 10,787 |
9_23 | The text is written in an extremely formulaic style that can be divided into six distinct parts : Extract from the Cyrus Cylinder ( lines 15 -- 21 ) , giving the genealogy of Cyrus and an account of his capture of Babylon in 539 BC . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 23 | 10,787 | 11,021 |
9_24 | Lines 1 -- 19 : an introduction reviling Nabonidus , the previous king of Babylon , and associating Cyrus with the god Marduk ; Lines 20 -- 22 : detailing Cyrus 's royal titles and genealogy , and his peaceful entry to Babylon ; Lines 22 -- 34 : a commendation of Cyrus 's policy of restoring Babylon ; Lines 34 -- 35 :... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 24 | 11,021 | 11,488 |
9_25 | has increased the offerings made to the gods ; Lines 38 -- 45 : details of the building activities ordered by Cyrus in Babylon . Sample detail image showing cuneiform script . The beginning of the text is partly broken ; the surviving content reprimands the character of the deposed Babylonian king Nabonidus . It lists... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 25 | 11,488 | 12,077 |
9_26 | Marduk called forth Cyrus to enter Babylon and become its new ruler . In ( Nabonidus 's ) mind , reverential fear of Marduk , king of the gods , came to an end . He did yet more evil to his city every day ; ... his ( people ... ... ) , he brought ruin on them all by a yoke without relief ... ( Marduk ) inspected and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 26 | 12,077 | 12,468 |
9_27 | He took the hand of Cyrus , king of the city of Anshan , and called him by his name , proclaiming him aloud for the kingship over all of everything . Midway through the text , the writer switches to a first - person narrative in the voice of Cyrus , addressing the reader directly . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 27 | 12,468 | 12,751 |
9_28 | A list of his titles is given ( in a Mesopotamian rather than Persian style ) : `` I am Cyrus , king of the world , great king , powerful king , king of Babylon , king of Sumer and Akkad , king of the four quarters ( of the earth ) , son of Cambyses , great king , king of Anshan , descendent of Teispes , great king , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 28 | 12,751 | 13,233 |
9_29 | He describes the pious deeds he performed after his conquest : he restored peace to Babylon and the other cities sacred to Marduk , freeing their inhabitants from their `` yoke , '' and he `` brought relief to their dilapidated housing ( thus ) putting an end to their ( main ) complaints . '' He repaired the ruined te... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 29 | 13,233 | 13,718 |
9_30 | Near the end of the inscription Cyrus highlights his restoration of Babylon 's city wall , saying : `` I saw within it an inscription of Ashurbanipal , a king who preceded me . '' The remainder is missing but presumably describes Cyrus 's rededication of the gateway mentioned . A partial transcription by F.H. Weissbac... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 30 | 13,718 | 14,330 |
9_31 | A false translation of the text -- affirming , among other things , the abolition of slavery and the right to self - determination , a minimum wage and asylum -- has been promoted on the Internet and elsewhere . As well as making claims that are not found on the real cylinder , it refers to the Zoroastrian divinity Ah... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 31 | 14,330 | 14,896 |
9_32 | Iranian Nobel Peace Prize winner Shirin Ebadi in her acceptance speech described Cyrus as `` the very emperor who proclaimed at the pinnacle of power 2,500 years ago that ... he would not reign over the people if they did not wish it '' . Similarly , in a 2006 speech , United States President George W. Bush referred t... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 32 | 14,896 | 15,355 |
9_33 | Associated fragments ( edit ) The British Museum announced in January 2010 that two inscribed clay fragments , which had been in the Museum 's collection since 1881 , had been identified as part of a cuneiform tablet that was inscribed with the same text as the Cyrus Cylinder . The fragments had come from the small si... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 33 | 15,355 | 15,893 |
9_34 | Relation to a Chinese bone inscription ( edit ) In 1983 two fossilized horse bones inscribed with cuneiform signs surfaced in China which Professor Oliver Gurney at Oxford later identified as coming from the Cyrus Cylinder . The discovery of these objects aroused much discussion about possible connections between anci... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 34 | 15,893 | 16,433 |
9_35 | The earliest record goes back to a Chinese doctor named Xue Shenwei , who sometime prior to 1928 was shown a photo of a rubbing of one of the bones by an antiquities dealer named Zhang Yi'an . Although not able to view the bones at that time , Xue Shenwei later acquired one of them from another antiquities dealer name... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 35 | 16,433 | 16,853 |
9_36 | While Xue did not recognize the script on the bones he guessed at its antiquity and buried the bones for safekeeping during the Cultural Revolution . Then , in 1983 Xue presented the bones to the Palace Museum in Beijing where Liu Jiuan and Wang Nanfang of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage undertook their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 36 | 16,853 | 17,313 |
9_37 | Identification of the source text proceeded slowly until 1985 , when Wu Yuhong along with Oxford Assyriologist Stephanie Dalley and Oliver Gurney recognized the text in one bone as coming from the Cyrus Cylinder . One year later Wu Yuhong presented his findings at the 33rd Rencontre Assyriologique and published them i... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 37 | 17,313 | 17,846 |
9_38 | Based on the serious textual errors in the inscription , including the omission of a large number of signs from the Cyrus Cylinder , Wu Yuhong argued the inscriptions were most likely copied from the cylinder while housed in the British Museum or from an early modern publication based upon it . However he acknowledged... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 38 | 17,846 | 18,462 |
9_39 | Finally , after the workshop concluded , an 1884 edition of the Cyrus Cylinder by E.A. Wallis Budge came to Irving Finkel 's attention . This publication used an idiosyncratic typeface and featured a handcopy for only a section of the whole cylinder . However the typeface in that edition matched the paleography on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 39 | 18,462 | 19,022 |
9_40 | Interpretations ( edit ) Mesopotamian and Persian tradition and propaganda ( edit ) According to the British Museum , the Cyrus Cylinder reflects a long tradition in Mesopotamia where , from as early as the third millennium BC , kings began their reigns with declarations of reforms . Cyrus 's declaration stresses his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 40 | 19,022 | 19,683 |
9_41 | It illustrates how Cyrus co-opted local traditions and symbols to legitimize his conquest and control of Babylon . | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 41 | 19,683 | 19,798 |
9_42 | Many elements of the text were drawn from long - standing Mesopotamian themes of legitimizing rule in Babylonia : the preceding king is reprimanded and he is proclaimed to have been abandoned by the gods for his wickedness ; the new king has gained power through the divine will of the gods ; the new king rights the wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 42 | 19,798 | 20,406 |
9_43 | Both continuity and discontinuity are emphasized in the text of the Cylinder . It asserts the virtue of Cyrus as a gods - fearing king of a traditional Mesopotamian type . On the other hand , it constantly discredits Nabonidus , reviling the deposed king 's deeds and even his ancestry and portraying him as an impious ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 43 | 20,406 | 20,939 |
9_44 | The Cylinder 's reprimand of Nabonidus also discredits Babylonian royal authority by association . It is perhaps for this reason that the Achaemenid rulers made greater use of Assyrian rather than Babylonian royal iconography and tradition in their declarations ; the Cylinder refers to the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal a... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 44 | 20,939 | 21,530 |
9_45 | Newly crowned kings of Babylon would make public declarations of their own righteousness when beginning their reigns , often in the form of declarations that were deposited in the foundations of public buildings . Some contained messages , while others did not , and they had a number of purposes : elaboration of a bui... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 45 | 21,530 | 22,137 |
9_46 | Archive copies were kept of important inscriptions and the Cylinder 's text may likewise have been copied . In January 2010 , the British Museum announced that two cuneiform tablets in its collection had been found to be inscribed with the same text as that on the Cyrus Cylinder , which , according to the Museum , `` ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 46 | 22,137 | 22,578 |
9_47 | A statue of the cylinder is now on exhibit in Los Angeles on avenue of the stars as a gift from the Persian people to the city of Los Angeles Similarities with other royal inscriptions ( edit ) The Nabonidus Cylinder The Cyrus Cylinder bears striking similarities to older Mesopotamian royal inscriptions . Two notable ... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 47 | 22,578 | 23,087 |
9_48 | As a conqueror , Marduk - apla - iddina faced many of the same problems of legitimacy that Cyrus did when he conquered Babylon . He declares himself to have been chosen personally by Marduk , who ensured his victory . When he took power , he performed the sacred rites and restored the sacred shrines . He states that h... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 48 | 23,087 | 23,594 |
9_49 | Twelve years later , the Assyrian king Sargon II defeated and exiled Marduk - apla - iddina , taking up the kingship of Babylonia . Sargon 's annals describe how he took on the duties of a Babylonian sovereign , honouring the gods , maintaining their temples and respecting and upholding the privileges of the urban eli... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 49 | 23,594 | 23,976 |
9_50 | Nabonidus , Cyrus 's deposed predecessor as king of Babylon , commissioned foundation texts on clay cylinders -- such as the Cylinder of Nabonidus , also in the British Museum -- that follows the same basic formula . The text of the Cylinder thus indicates a strong continuity with centuries of Babylonian tradition , a... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 50 | 23,976 | 24,494 |
9_51 | In this context , the reign of the defeated predecessor was automatically described as bad and against the divine will -- how else could he have been defeated ? By implication , of course , all his acts became , inevitably and retrospectively , tainted . The familiarity with long - established Babylonian tropes sugges... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 51 | 24,494 | 24,918 |
9_52 | It can be compared with another work of around the same time , the Verse Account of Nabonidus , in which the former Babylonian ruler is excoriated as the enemy of the priests of Marduk and Cyrus is presented as the liberator of Babylon . Both works make a point of stressing Cyrus 's qualifications as a king from a lin... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 52 | 24,918 | 25,375 |
9_53 | The Verse Account is so similar to the Cyrus Cylinder inscription that the two texts have been dubbed an example of `` literary dependence '' -- not the direct dependence of one upon the other , but mutual dependence upon a common source . This is characterised by the historian Morton Smith as `` the propaganda put ou... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 53 | 25,375 | 25,803 |
9_54 | This viewpoint has been disputed ; as Simon J. Sherwin of the University of Cambridge puts it , the Cyrus Cylinder and the Verse Account are `` after the event '' compositions which reuse existing Mesopotamian literary themes and do not need to be explained as the product of pre-conquest Persian propaganda . The Germa... | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 | Cyrus Cylinder | 54 | 25,803 | 26,379 |
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