interaction_id
stringlengths 6
9
| query
stringlengths 26
101
| query_time
stringclasses 1
value | answer
listlengths 1
23
| alt_ans
listlengths 0
0
| domain
stringclasses 1
value | question_type
stringclasses 1
value | static_or_dynamic
stringclasses 1
value | search_results
listlengths 0
0
| retrieved_chunks
listlengths 50
50
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
test_3600
|
which church was given a letter in the book of revelation?
|
n/a
|
[
"Philadelphia",
"Ephesus",
"Sardis",
"Smyrna",
"Pergamum",
"Thyatira",
"Laodicea"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2516316",
"chunk_text": "\"Book of Revelation\"\nthis does not require that Revelation was written in the 60s, as there was a widespread belief in later decades that Nero would return. Revelation is an apocalyptic prophecy with an epistolary introduction addressed to seven churches in the Roman province of Asia. \"\"Apocalypse\"\" means the revealing of divine mysteries; John is to write down what is revealed (what he sees in his vision) and send it to the seven churches. The entire book constitutes the letter—the letters to the seven individual churches are introductions to the rest of the book, which is addressed to all seven. While the dominant",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9661394",
"chunk_text": "\"Book of Revelation\"\nview, and many consider that nothing can be known about the author except that he was a Christian prophet. Some modern scholars characterise Revelation's author as a putative figure whom they call \"\"John of Patmos\"\". The bulk of traditional sources date the book to the reign of the emperor Domitian (AD 81–96), and the evidence tends to confirm this. The book spans three literary genres: the epistolary, the apocalyptic, and the prophetic. It begins with John, on the island of Patmos in the Aegean Sea, addressing a letter to the \"\"Seven Churches of Asia\"\". He then describes a series of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2221985",
"chunk_text": "\"Seven churches of Asia\"\nSeven churches of Asia The Seven Churches of Revelation, also known as the Seven Churches of the Apocalypse and the Seven Churches of Asia, are seven major churches of Early Christianity, as mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation. According to Revelation 1:11, on the Greek island of Patmos, Jesus Christ instructs John of Patmos to: \"\"Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches: to Ephesus, and to Smyrna, and to Pergamum, and to Thyatira, and to Sardis, and to Philadelphia, and to Laodicea.\"\" The \"\"churches\"\" in this context refers to the community",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2516319",
"chunk_text": "\"Book of Revelation\"\nthe Baptist and the communities of Qumran as well as antique Jewish texts. In several verses one can identify the ancient texts and that attributed to John, the latter having just added in the original text the words \"\"Jesus Christ\"\" (Rev 1: 1), \"\"testimony of Jesus Christ\"\" (Rev. 1: 2) or even \"\"Jesus\"\" (Rev 1: 9), and similar words in dozens of other verses. Conventional understanding until recent times was that the Book of Revelation was written to comfort beleaguered Christians as they underwent persecution at the hands of a megalomaniacal Roman emperor, but much of this has now been",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12498048",
"chunk_text": "\"Epistula Apostolorum\"\nEpistula Apostolorum The Epistula Apostolorum (Latin for \"\"Letter of the Apostles\"\") is a work from the New Testament apocrypha. Probably dating from the 2nd century CE, it was within the canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, but not rediscovered in the Western world until the early 20th century. In 51 chapters, it takes the form of a letter from the apostles describing key events of the life of Jesus, followed by a dialogue between Jesus and the apostles. The work's apparent intent is to uphold orthodox Christian doctrine, refuting Gnosticism - in particular the teachings of Cerinthus - and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13257135",
"chunk_text": "\"Book of Revelation\"\ncanon may throw light on the unfolding historical processes of what was officially considered orthodox, what was heterodox, and what was even heretical. Interpretation of meanings and imagery are anchored in what the historical author intended and what his contemporary audience inferred; a message to Christians not to assimilate into the Roman imperial culture was John's central message. Thus, his letter (written in the apocalyptic genre) is pastoral in nature (its purpose is offering hope to the downtrodden), and the symbolism of Revelation is to be understood entirely within its historical, literary, and social context. Critics study the conventions of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14776116",
"chunk_text": "Ephesus\nthe Gospel of John might have been written in Ephesus, \"\"c\"\" 90–100. Ephesus was one of the seven cities addressed in the Book of Revelation, indicating that the church at Ephesus was strong. Two decades later, the church at Ephesus was still important enough to be addressed by a letter written by Bishop Ignatius of Antioch to the Ephesians in the early 2nd century AD, that begins with, \"\"Ignatius, who is also called Theophorus, to the Church which is at Ephesus, in Asia, deservedly most happy, being blessed in the greatness and fullness of God the Father, and predestinated before",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6565705",
"chunk_text": "\"Seventh-day Adventist eschatology\"\nworld.\"\" \"\"But those days are over. The world has changed. The United States has changed. And even the Roman Catholic church has changed, in the second half of our century, having reconciled itself with progress, liberalism and modern civilization. It is no longer the Bible-suppressing, science-resisting, liberty-opposing, Protestant-hating, culture-ignoring, Latin-mumbling, obscurantism-loving ecclesiastical organization of former years, intent on ruling the world from Rome. Vatican Council II transformed all that.\"\" However Ellen White stated... Opinions vary in regards to this topic. Traditionally, Adventists interpret the letters to the seven churches of Asia in Revelation 2 and 3 as fulfilled in consecutive",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13257139",
"chunk_text": "\"Book of Revelation\"\naccounts have three messages (1 En 100:7–9; Rev 14:6–12). Academics showed little interest in this topic until recently. This was not, however, the case with popular writers from non-conforming backgrounds, who interspersed the text of Revelation with the prophecy they thought was being promised. For example, an anonymous Scottish commentary of 1871 prefaces Revelation 4 with the Little Apocalypse of Mark 13, places Malachi 4:5 (\"\"Behold I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord\"\") within Revelation 11 and writes Revelation 12:7 side-by-side with the role of \"\"the Satan\"\" in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6987171",
"chunk_text": "\"The New Church (Swedenborgian)\"\namong the books of the New Testament includes only the four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) and the Book of Revelation. Only these books contain an internal symbolism in a series, and are thus divinely inspired. Although this leaves out the Book of Acts and the letters of the apostles, the New Church holds them in esteem similar to that of the Jews for the Writings of the Old Testament. Swedenborg stated that these books were included as an act of divine providence, as books explaining Christian doctrine were needed for the general public. Paul's letters, although not containing a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16109238",
"chunk_text": "\"First Epistle of Clement\"\nbefallen us\"\" (1:1) is taken as a reference to persecutions under Domitian. The Epistle to the Hebrews' call for leadership from the church in Rome has been thought to have been influential. Some scholars believe 1 Clement was written around the same time as the Book of Revelation (c. AD9597). The letter was occasioned by a dispute in Corinth, which had led to the removal from office of several presbyters. Since none of the presbyters were charged with moral offences, 1 Clement charges that their removal was high-handed and unjustifiable. The letter was extremely lengthy—it was twice as long as",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10621105",
"chunk_text": "\"Letter of Jeremiah\"\nidolatry. Letter of Jeremiah The Letter of Jeremiah, also known as the Epistle of Jeremiah, is a deuterocanonical book of the Old Testament; this letter purports to have been written by Jeremiah to the Jews who were about to be carried away as captives to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. It is included in Catholic Bibles as the final chapter of the Book of Baruch. It is also included in Orthodox Bibles as a standalone book. Some scholars claim that the title of this work is misleading, as they consider it to be neither a letter nor written by the prophet Jeremiah.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16136656",
"chunk_text": "\"New Jerusalem\"\nearth. The Book of Revelation was composed during the end of the 1st century AD, sometime during the later end of the reign of Emperor Nero Domitius (54 to 68 CE). The work is addressed to the “seven churches that are in Asia” (1:4). Revelation is normally broken into three sections: the prologue (1:1-3:22), the visions (4:1-22:5), and the epilogue (22:6-20). This study is principally concerned with chapter 21. The author of Revelation was both a Jew by birth and a believing Christian. For the author and the addressees of Revelation, they are searching for the Lord to vindicate them",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17967905",
"chunk_text": "\"Letter of appointment\"\nLetter of appointment The \"\"letter of appointment\"\" is a controversial three-page document used by James J. Strang and his adherents to prove that he was the designated successor to Joseph Smith as the prophet and president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. It formed part of a four-tiered argument for succession, being that according to various passages in Doctrine and Covenants, a prophet successor had to be A) appointed by Joseph Smith, B) ordained by angels, C) receive revelations as Smith did and D) translate ancient records certified by witnesses. Sent from Nauvoo, Illinois on June",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9661392",
"chunk_text": "\"Book of Revelation\"\nBook of Revelation The Book of Revelation, often called the Revelation to John, the Apocalypse of John, The Revelation, or simply Revelation, the Revelation of Jesus Christ (from its opening words) or the Apocalypse (and often misquoted as Revelations), is the final book of the New Testament, and therefore also the final book of the Christian Bible. It occupies a central place in Christian eschatology. Its title is derived from the first word of the text, written in Koine Greek: \"\"apokalypsis\"\", meaning \"\"unveiling\"\" or \"\"revelation\"\" (before title pages and titles, books were commonly known by the incipit, their first words,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19429959",
"chunk_text": "\"Seven churches of Asia\"\nnoted that \"\"The natural explanation of the 'messengers' is that they were men sent by the seven churches to ascertain the state of the aged apostle ... but they figure any who bear God's messages to a church.\"\" Seven churches of Asia The Seven Churches of Revelation, also known as the Seven Churches of the Apocalypse and the Seven Churches of Asia, are seven major churches of Early Christianity, as mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation. According to Revelation 1:11, on the Greek island of Patmos, Jesus Christ instructs John of Patmos to: \"\"Write on a scroll what",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9054517",
"chunk_text": "\"Easter letter\"\nthey appear in modern editions of the New Testament), the 14 Pauline Epistles (listed with the Letter to the Hebrews placed between those to the Thessalonians and the Pastoral Epistles), and the Book of Revelation. Although the order in which Athanasius places the books is different from what is now usual, his list is the earliest reference to the present canon of the New Testament. Athanasius reckons, not as part of the canon of Scripture, but as books \"\"appointed by the Fathers to be read by those who newly join us, and who wish for instruction in the word of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17155403",
"chunk_text": "\"Letter to the Smyrnaeans\"\nLetter to the Smyrnaeans The Letter to the Smyrnaeans (often simply called Smyrnaeans) was written by Saint Ignatius of Antioch around AD 107 to the Early Christians in Smyrna. Among other things, the letter contains the earliest recorded evidence of the use of the term \"\"Catholic Church\"\". It mentions the resurrection of Jesus: (2:1a) \"\"Now, he suffered all these things for our sake, that we might be saved. And he truly suffered, even as he truly raised himself up; not as certain unbelievers say, that he suffered in semblance, they themselves only existing in semblance.\"\" The term translated \"\"semblance\"\" is",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14753990",
"chunk_text": "\"Revelation 3\"\nRevelation 3 Revelation 3 is the third chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle, but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate. This chapter is divided into 22 verses, containing messages for three of the seven churches of Asia located in modern-day Turkey, continuing from the messages for the other four churches which appear in chapter 2. The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: New King James Version The Textus Receptus",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11836947",
"chunk_text": "\"Epistle to the Laodiceans\"\nsacred document. Some scholars suggest that it was created to offset the popularity of the Marcionite epistle. Wilhelm Schneemelcher's standard work, \"\"New Testament Apocrypha\"\" (Chapter 14 \"\"Apostolic Pseudepigrapha\"\") includes a section on the Latin Epistle to the Laodiceans and a translation of the Latin text. Epistle to the Laodiceans The Epistle to the Laodiceans is a lost letter of Paul the Apostle, the original existence of which is inferred from an instruction to the church in Colossae to send their letter to the church in Laodicea, and likewise obtain a copy of the letter \"\"from Laodicea\"\" (, \"\"ek laodikeas\"\"). Several",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3606538",
"chunk_text": "\"Letter of Jeremiah\"\nLetter of Jeremiah The Letter of Jeremiah, also known as the Epistle of Jeremiah, is a deuterocanonical book of the Old Testament; this letter purports to have been written by Jeremiah to the Jews who were about to be carried away as captives to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. It is included in Catholic Bibles as the final chapter of the Book of Baruch. It is also included in Orthodox Bibles as a standalone book. Some scholars claim that the title of this work is misleading, as they consider it to be neither a letter nor written by the prophet Jeremiah. According",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2516323",
"chunk_text": "\"Book of Revelation\"\nis counted as both accepted (Kirsopp. Lake translation: \"\"Recognized\"\") and disputed, which has caused some confusion over what exactly Eusebius meant by doing so. The disputation can perhaps be attributed to Origen. Origen seems to have accepted it in his writings. Cyril of Jerusalem (348 AD) does not name it among the canonical books (Catechesis IV.33–36). Athanasius (367 AD) in his \"\"Letter 39\"\", Augustine of Hippo (c. 397 AD) in his book \"\"On Christian Doctrine\"\" (Book II, Chapter 8), Tyrannius Rufinus (c. 400 AD) in his \"\"Commentary on the Apostles' Creed\"\", Pope Innocent I (405 AD) in a letter to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17460182",
"chunk_text": "\"Metropolis of Ephesus\"\nreleased late in his life and returned to Ephesus, where it is thought that he wrote his Gospel. Tradition says that the Virgin Mary lived in Ephesus near to John. Apollos, a Jew from Alexandria who was a disciple of John the Baptist, arrived in Ephesus and met with Aquila and Priscilla. Christian canon identifies the Epistle to the Ephesians as a letter to the church in Ephesus, and John of Patmos mentions the church as one of the seven churches of Asia in the Book of Revelation. In Revelation (), the church's perseverance, scrutiny toward alleged apostles and hatred",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15646897",
"chunk_text": "\"Epistle to the Laodiceans\"\nEpistle to the Laodiceans The Epistle to the Laodiceans is a lost letter of Paul the Apostle, the original existence of which is inferred from an instruction to the church in Colossae to send their letter to the church in Laodicea, and likewise obtain a copy of the letter \"\"from Laodicea\"\" (, \"\"ek laodikeas\"\"). Several ancient texts purporting to be the missing \"\"Epistle to the Laodiceans\"\" have been known to have existed, most of which are now lost. These were generally considered, both at the time and by modern scholarship, to be attempts to supply a forged copy of a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3739082",
"chunk_text": "\"Revelation 1\"\nRevelation 1 Revelation 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle, but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate. This chapter is divided into 20 verses. The New King James Version organises the chapter as follows: New King James Version For discussion of the identity of this \"\"John\"\", see Authorship of the Johannine works. New King James Version John writes to the churches in Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14789972",
"chunk_text": "\"Christian Church\"\nthe earliest instances of its use in relation to a Christian body), two verses of the Letter to the Hebrews, one verse of the Epistle of James, three verses of the Third Epistle of John, and 19 verses of the Book of Revelation. In total, ἐκκλησία appears in the New Testament text 114 times, although not every instance is a technical reference to the church. In the New Testament, the term ἐκκλησία is used for local communities as well as in a universal sense to mean all believers. Traditionally, only orthodox believers are considered part of the true church, but",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14371216",
"chunk_text": "\"Laodicean Church\"\nLaodicean Church The Laodicean Church was a Christian community established in the ancient city of Laodicea (on the river Lycus, in the Roman province of Asia, and one of the early centers of Christianity). The church was established in the Apostolic Age, the earliest period of Christianity, and is probably best known for being one of the Seven churches of Asia addressed by name in the Book of Revelation (Rev. 3.14-22). The Christian community in Laodicea seems to have been closely connected with that of nearby Colossae (also in the Lycus valley, distant). Laodicea is mentioned four times in the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20558677",
"chunk_text": "\"Revelation (Latter Day Saints)\"\n(Book of Mormon, ). Revelation (Latter Day Saints) Latter Day Saints teach that the Latter Day Saint movement began with a revelation from God. They also teach that revelation is the foundation of the church established by Jesus Christ and that it remains an essential element of his true church today. Continuous revelation provides individual Latter Day Saints with a \"\"testimony\"\", described by Richard Bushman as \"\"one of the most potent words in the Mormon lexicon.\"\" In response to an inquiry on the beliefs of the church, Joseph Smith wrote what came to be called the Wentworth Letter, the last",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15925774",
"chunk_text": "Revelation\nRevelation from a supernatural source is of lesser importance in some other religious traditions, such as Taoism and Confucianism. The Báb, Bahá'u'lláh and `Abdu'l-Bahá received thousands of written enquiries, and wrote thousands of responses, hundreds of which amount to whole and proper books, while many are shorter texts, such as letters. In addition, the Bahá'í faith has large works which were divinely revealed in a very short time, as in a night, or a few days. Additionally, because many of the works were first recorded by an amanuensis, most were submitted for approval and correction and the final text was",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4529385",
"chunk_text": "\"New Testament people named John\"\nor John of Patmos. The text of Revelation identifies its author thus: “I, John, your brother and the one who shares with you in the persecution, kingdom, and endurance that are in Jesus, was on the island called Patmos because of the word of God and the testimony about Jesus.” Patmos was an island near Ephesus, and Revelation begins with letters addressed to the seven churches of Asia, which were Ephesus and other nearby cities. Dionysius of Alexandria (c. 250) closely criticized Revelation and concluded that it was starkly different from the Gospel and First Epistle (which Dionysius regarded as",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14753994",
"chunk_text": "\"Revelation 3\"\nissue, rouse them all. Revelation 3 Revelation 3 is the third chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle, but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate. This chapter is divided into 22 verses, containing messages for three of the seven churches of Asia located in modern-day Turkey, continuing from the messages for the other four churches which appear in chapter 2. The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: New King James",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2220271",
"chunk_text": "\"Misericordia Dei\"\nMisericordia Dei Misericordia Dei (\"\"Mercy of God\"\") is the title of an apostolic letter by Pope John Paul II to foster and reemphasize the importance of the \"\"Sacrament of Reconciliation\"\". The letter is subtitled \"\"\"\"On Certain Aspects of the Sacrament of Penance\"\"\"\" and was promulgated on 7 April 2002 in Rome, issued as Motu proprio and was signed by him. The letter begins by quoting the Gospel of Matthew that Jesus was born to \"\"save his people from their sins\"\" and emphasizes the fervent and energetic summons with which John the Baptist called for repentance. Quoting the Epistle to the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "968604",
"chunk_text": "Encyclical\nEncyclical An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church. At that time, the word could be used for a letter sent out by any bishop. The word comes from Late Latin \"\"encyclios\"\" (from Latin \"\"encyclius\"\", a Latinization of Greek \"\"enkyklios\"\" meaning \"\"circular\"\", \"\"in a circle\"\", or \"\"all-round\"\", also part of the origin of the word encyclopedia). The term has been used by Catholics, Anglicans and the Eastern Orthodox. Although the term \"\"encyclical\"\" originally simply meant a circulating letter, it acquired a more specific meaning within the context",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15326183",
"chunk_text": "Revelation\nRevelation In religion and theology, revelation is the revealing or disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity or other supernatural entity or entities. Some religions have religious texts which they view as divinely or supernaturally revealed or inspired. For instance, Orthodox Jews, Christians and Muslims believe that the \"\"Torah\"\" was received from Yahweh on biblical Mount Sinai. Most Christians believe that both the Old Testament and the New Testament were inspired by God. Muslims believe the Quran was revealed by God to Muhammad word by word through the angel Gabriel (\"\"Jibril\"\"). In Hinduism, some",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18898128",
"chunk_text": "\"Alaşehir\"\nhoused an imperial cult; its coins bore the word \"\"Neokoron\"\" (literally, \"\"temple-sweeper\"\"—caretaker of the temple). A small theater located at the northern edge of Toptepe Hill is all that remains of Roman Philadelphia. Although several ancient cities bore the name of Philadelphia, this is generally agreed to be the one listed among the seven churches written to by John in the Book of Revelation. Philadelphia is listed as the sixth church of the seven. A letter specifically addressed to the Philadelphian church is recorded in . According to this letter, the Philadelphian Christians were suffering persecution at the hands of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18131330",
"chunk_text": "\"Revelation (Latter Day Saints)\"\nRevelation (Latter Day Saints) Latter Day Saints teach that the Latter Day Saint movement began with a revelation from God. They also teach that revelation is the foundation of the church established by Jesus Christ and that it remains an essential element of his true church today. Continuous revelation provides individual Latter Day Saints with a \"\"testimony\"\", described by Richard Bushman as \"\"one of the most potent words in the Mormon lexicon.\"\" In response to an inquiry on the beliefs of the church, Joseph Smith wrote what came to be called the Wentworth Letter, the last section of which was",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14753986",
"chunk_text": "\"Revelation 2\"\nRevelation 2 Revelation 2 is the second chapter of the Book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle, but the precise identity of the author remains a point of academic debate. This chapter is divided into 29 verses, containing messages for four of the seven churches of Asia located in modern-day Turkey, with messages for the other three churches appearing in chapter 3. The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: New King James Version New King James Version New King",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18561849",
"chunk_text": "\"Biblical canon\"\nall. For example, the Trullan Synod of 691–692, which Pope Sergius I (in office 687-701) rejected (see also Pentarchy), endorsed the following lists of canonical writings: the Apostolic Canons (c. 385), the Synod of Laodicea (c. 363), the Third Synod of Carthage (c. 397), and the 39th Festal Letter of Athanasius (367). And yet, these lists do not agree. Similarly, the New Testament canons of the Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, Egyptian Coptic and Ethiopian Churches all have minor differences, yet five of these Churches are part of the same communion and hold the same theological beliefs. The Revelation of John is",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9661398",
"chunk_text": "\"Book of Revelation\"\nto whom he addresses his letter. His precise identity remains unknown, and modern scholarship commonly refers to him as John of Patmos (Rev. 1:9 – \"\"I was put on the Island of Patmos\"\"). Early Church tradition dates the book to end of the emperor Domitian (reigned AD 81–96), and most modern scholars agree, although the author may have written a first version after Nero's Great Fire in Rome (AD 64) under Vespasian (AD 69–79) and updated it under Domitian. The beast with seven heads and the number 666 seem to allude directly to the emperor Nero (reigned AD 54–68), but",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9831204",
"chunk_text": "\"New Testament\"\nstyle and theology, which are considered to set it apart from Paul's writings. The Catholic epistles (or \"\"general epistles\"\") consist of both letters and treatises in the form of letters written to the church at large. The term \"\"catholic\"\" (Greek: καθολική, \"\"katholikē\"\"), used to describe these letters in the oldest manuscripts containing them, here simply means \"\"general\"\" or \"\"universal\"\". The authorship of a number of these is disputed. The final book of the New Testament is the Book of Revelation, also known as the Apocalypse of John. In the New Testament canon, it is considered prophetical or apocalyptic literature. Its",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3455101",
"chunk_text": "Pope\nvalid, to believing that the pope is the Antichrist from 1 John 2:18, the Man of Sin from 2 Thessalonians 2:3–12, and the Beast out of the Earth from Revelation 13:11–18. This sweeping rejection is held by, among others, some denominations of Lutherans: Confessional Lutherans hold that the pope is the Antichrist, stating that this article of faith is part of a \"\"quia\"\" (\"\"because\"\") rather than \"\"quatenus\"\" (\"\"insofar as\"\") subscription to the Book of Concord. In 1932, one of these Confessional churches, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS), adopted \"\"A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod\"\", which",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15328356",
"chunk_text": "Revelation\nthe Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, as prophets, seers, and revelators. They believe that God has followed a pattern of continued revelation to prophets throughout the history of mankind (KJV Luke 1:70)--both to establish doctrine and maintain its integrity, as well as to guide the church under changing world conditions. When this pattern of revelation was broken, it was because the receivers of revelation had been rejected and often killed (Matt 23:31–37, Luke 11:47–51). In the meridian of time, Paul described prophets and apostles in terms of a foundation, with Christ as the cornerstone, which was built to prevent doctrinal",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14789712",
"chunk_text": "\"Epistle to the Colossians\"\nEpistle to the Colossians The Epistle of Paul to the Colossians, usually referred to simply as Colossians, is the twelfth book of the New Testament. It was written, according to the text, by Paul the Apostle and Timothy to the Church in Colossae, a small Phrygian city near Laodicea and approximately from Ephesus in Asia Minor. Scholars have increasingly questioned Paul's authorship and attributed the letter to an early follower instead. The authenticity of the letter, however, has been defended with equal strength. If Paul was the author, he probably used an amanuensis, or secretary, in writing the letter (Col",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13869393",
"chunk_text": "\"Book of Revelation\"\nthe spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil. The title is taken from the first word of the book in Koine Greek: ἀποκάλυψις \"\"apokalypsis\"\", which means \"\"unveiling\"\" or \"\"revelation\"\". The author names himself as \"\"John\"\", but it is currently considered unlikely that the author of Revelation was also the author of the Gospel of John. Some of the evidence for this was set out as early as the second half of the third century by Pope Dionysius of Alexandria, who noted that the gospel and the epistles attributed to John, unlike Revelation, do not name their author,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3067745",
"chunk_text": "\"Laodicea on the Lycus\"\ncertain Epaphras from Colossae, who worked hard for the Christians of the three Phrygian cities of Colossae, Laodicea and Hierapolis. Asking for greetings to be sent to the Laodicean Christians, the writer requests that his letter be read publicly at Laodicea (Colossians 4:16) and that another letter addressed to the Laodiceans (see Epistle to the Laodiceans) be given a public reading at Colossae. Some Greek manuscripts of the First Epistle to Timothy end with the words: \"\"Written at Laodicea, metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana\"\". Laodicea is also one of the seven churches of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelation. The",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9661393",
"chunk_text": "\"Book of Revelation\"\nas is also the case of the Hebrew Five Books of Moses (Torah)). The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic document in the New Testament canon (although there are short apocalyptic passages in various places in the Gospels and the Epistles). The author names himself in the text as \"\"John\"\", but his precise identity remains a point of academic debate. Second-century Christian writers such as Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Melito the bishop of Sardis, and Clement of Alexandria and the author of the Muratorian fragment identify John the Apostle as the \"\"John\"\" of Revelation. Modern scholarship generally takes a different",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15925804",
"chunk_text": "Revelation\nwith a natural explanation. Revelation In religion and theology, revelation is the revealing or disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity or other supernatural entity or entities. Some religions have religious texts which they view as divinely or supernaturally revealed or inspired. For instance, Orthodox Jews, Christians and Muslims believe that the \"\"Torah\"\" was received from Yahweh on biblical Mount Sinai. Most Christians believe that both the Old Testament and the New Testament were inspired by God. Muslims believe the Quran was revealed by God to Muhammad word by word through the angel Gabriel",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17967922",
"chunk_text": "\"Letter of appointment\"\n(indicated as scribed by Richards) was written in long hand, while Exhibit D was written in print. Further authentication would require examples of printed hand writing samples from Hyrum Smith, John P. Green and Willard Richards. The \"\"letter of appointment\"\" is still accepted and defended by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite). Letter of appointment The \"\"letter of appointment\"\" is a controversial three-page document used by James J. Strang and his adherents to prove that he was the designated successor to Joseph Smith as the prophet and president of the Church of Jesus Christ",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15925778",
"chunk_text": "Revelation\nits freedom from error, holding \"\"the doctrine of the inerrancy of Scripture\"\". The Second Vatican Council, citing earlier declarations, stated: \"\"Since everything asserted by the inspired authors or sacred writers must be held to be asserted by the Holy Spirit, it follows that the books of Scripture must be acknowledged as teaching solidly, faithfully and without error that truth which God wanted put into sacred writings for the sake of salvation\"\". It added: \"\"Since God speaks in Sacred Scripture through men in human fashion, the interpreter of Sacred Scripture, in order to see clearly what God wanted to communicate to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5025882",
"chunk_text": "\"Ecclesiastical letter\"\nis the Letter of Pope Clement I (90-99?) to the Corinthians, in whose community there was grave dissension. Only a few papal letters of the first three Christian centuries have been preserved in whole or part, or are known from the works of ecclesiastical writers. Among them are Adversus Aleatores by Pope Victor I, some fragments of a letter by Pope Stephen I, three letters by Pope Cornelius, and one by Pope Dionysius. As soon as the Church was recognized by the (Roman) State and could freely spread in all directions, the papal primacy of necessity began to develop, and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_3601
|
what parts make up the peripheral nervous system?
|
n/a
|
[
"autonomic nervous system",
"somatic nervous system"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5565948",
"chunk_text": "\"Peripheral nervous system\"\nPeripheral nervous system The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20773605",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous tissue\"\nNervous tissue Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue or nerve tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system. The nervous system regulates and controls bodily functions and activity and consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the branching peripheral nerves. It is composed of neurons, or nerve cells, which receive and transmit impulses, and neuroglia, also known as glial cells or glia, which assist the propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide nutrients to the neurons. Nervous tissue is made up",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11472737",
"chunk_text": "\"Peripheral nervous system\"\nplexus brachialis, a tangled array of nerves, splitting, combining and recombining, to form the nerves that subserve the upper-limb and upper back. Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled, it is highly organized and predictable, with little variation between people. See brachial plexus injuries. The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts: The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses to regulate physiological functions. The brain and spinal",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4042769",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous system\"\nNervous system The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6036563",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous tissue\"\nnerve tissue, containing myelinated axons bundles, carry action potential nerve impulses. Neoplasms (tumours) in nervous tissue include: Nervous tissue Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue or nerve tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system. The nervous system regulates and controls bodily functions and activity and consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the branching peripheral nerves. It is composed of neurons, or nerve cells, which receive and transmit impulses, and neuroglia, also known as glial cells or glia, which assist the propagation",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5565949",
"chunk_text": "\"Peripheral nervous system\"\nit exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon. Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS. The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7673439",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous system\"\nneurons to which they belong reside within the brain or spinal cord. The PNS is divided into somatic and visceral parts. The somatic part consists of the nerves that innervate the skin, joints, and muscles. The cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons lie in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord. The visceral part, also known as the autonomic nervous system, contains neurons that innervate the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands. The autonomic nervous system itself consists of two parts: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. Some authors also include sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5482843",
"chunk_text": "Nerve\nconverted from electrical to chemical and then back to electrical. Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on function: The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14097324",
"chunk_text": "\"Peripheral nervous system\"\nof smooth muscle and glands. The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states: sympathetic and parasympathetic. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control, and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscles. The sensory nervous system is part of the somatic nervous system and transmits signals from senses such as taste and touch (including fine touch and gross touch) to the spinal cord and brain. The autonomic nervous system is a 'self-regulating'",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14958661",
"chunk_text": "Neuroanatomy\nprimarily of the axons of neurons, along with a variety of membranes that wrap around and segregate them into nerve fascicles. The vertebrate nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain, retina, and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of all the nerves outside of the CNS that connect it to the rest of the body. The PNS is further subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system is made up of \"\"afferent\"\" neurons, which bring sensory information from",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7673438",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous system\"\nthe spinal cord. The spinal canal contains the spinal cord, while the cranial cavity contains the brain. The CNS is enclosed and protected by the meninges, a three-layered system of membranes, including a tough, leathery outer layer called the dura mater. The brain is also protected by the skull, and the spinal cord by the vertebrae. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a collective term for the nervous system structures that do not lie within the CNS. The large majority of the axon bundles called nerves are considered to belong to the PNS, even when the cell bodies of the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6783761",
"chunk_text": "\"Classification of peripheral nerves\"\nClassification of peripheral nerves The classification of peripheral nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) groups the nerves into two main groups, the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems. Together, these two systems provide information regarding the location and status of the limbs, organs, and the remainder of the body to the central nervous system (CNS) via nerves and ganglia present outside of the spinal cord and brain. The somatic nervous system directs all voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles, and can be sub-divided into afferent and efferent neuronal flow. The autonomic nervous system is divided primarily into the sympathetic",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14097325",
"chunk_text": "\"Peripheral nervous system\"\nsystem which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control, such as the heart rate, or the functions of the digestive system. The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves, and many nerves which hold both functions. In the head and neck, cranial nerves carry somatosensory data. There are twelve cranial nerves, ten of which originate from the brainstem, and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerves lie in the forebrain",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7673445",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous system\"\nlarge ganglion at the front, called the \"\"brain\"\". Even mammals, including humans, show the segmented bilaterian body plan at the level of the nervous system. The spinal cord contains a series of segmental ganglia, each giving rise to motor and sensory nerves that innervate a portion of the body surface and underlying musculature. On the limbs, the layout of the innervation pattern is complex, but on the trunk it gives rise to a series of narrow bands. The top three segments belong to the brain, giving rise to the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Bilaterians can be divided, based on events",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12658098",
"chunk_text": "Neuroscience\nof other neurons, muscles, or glands at their termination points. A nervous system emerges from the assemblage of neurons that are connected to each other. In vertebrates, the nervous system can be split into two parts, the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system. In many species — including all vertebrates — the nervous system is the most complex organ system in the body, with most of the complexity residing in the brain. The human brain alone contains around one hundred billion neurons and one hundred trillion synapses; it consists of thousands of distinguishable substructures,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7673440",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous system\"\nin the periphery (for senses such as hearing) as part of the PNS; others, however, omit them. The vertebrate nervous system can also be divided into areas called grey matter (\"\"gray matter\"\" in American spelling) and white matter. Grey matter (which is only grey in preserved tissue, and is better described as pink or light brown in living tissue) contains a high proportion of cell bodies of neurons. White matter is composed mainly of myelinated axons, and takes its color from the myelin. White matter includes all of the nerves, and much of the interior of the brain and spinal",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7036369",
"chunk_text": "\"Segmentation in the human nervous system\"\ncord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the nerve fibers that branch off from the spinal cord to all parts of the body. Both parts of the nervous system are actively involved in communicating signals between various parts of the body to ensure the smooth and efficient transfer of information that controls and coordinates the movement of muscles, and regulates organ functions. Neurons, which form the elemental unit of the nervous system, receive messages from their dendrites, relay the information as an electrical signal down the axon and releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters, thus converting the electrical signal",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17723791",
"chunk_text": "\"Spinal cord\"\nis made of 31 segments from which branch one pair of sensory nerve roots and one pair of motor nerve roots. The nerve roots then merge into bilaterally symmetrical pairs of spinal nerves. The peripheral nervous system is made up of these spinal roots, nerves, and ganglia. The dorsal roots are afferent fascicles, receiving sensory information from the skin, muscles, and visceral organs to be relayed to the brain. The roots terminate in dorsal root ganglia, which are composed of the cell bodies of the corresponding neurons. Ventral roots consist of efferent fibers that arise from motor neurons whose cell",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7673437",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous system\"\nof glial cell (oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system) generates layers of a fatty substance called myelin that wraps around axons and provides electrical insulation which allows them to transmit action potentials much more rapidly and efficiently. Recent findings indicate that glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, serve as important resident immune cells within the central nervous system. The nervous system of vertebrates (including humans) is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The (CNS) is the major division, and consists of the brain and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20834990",
"chunk_text": "\"Tissue (biology)\"\nwhich generate gross movement; and cardiac muscle, found in the heart where it contracts to pump blood throughout an organism. Cells comprising the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are classified as nervous (or neural) tissue. In the central nervous system, neural tissues form the brain and spinal cord. In the peripheral nervous system, neural tissues form the cranial nerves and spinal nerves, inclusive of the motor neurons. The epithelial tissues are formed by cells that cover the organ surfaces such as the surface of skin, the airways, the reproductive tract, and the inner lining of the digestive tract.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6783772",
"chunk_text": "\"Classification of peripheral nerves\"\ndisease, particularly those of the gut and stomach region. Classification of peripheral nerves The classification of peripheral nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) groups the nerves into two main groups, the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems. Together, these two systems provide information regarding the location and status of the limbs, organs, and the remainder of the body to the central nervous system (CNS) via nerves and ganglia present outside of the spinal cord and brain. The somatic nervous system directs all voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles, and can be sub-divided into afferent and efferent neuronal flow. The",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11421625",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous system\"\ncells, an inner layer called the endoderm, which gives rise to the lining of most internal organs, a middle layer called the mesoderm, which gives rise to the bones and muscles, and an outer layer called the ectoderm, which gives rise to the skin and nervous system. In vertebrates, the first sign of the nervous system is the appearance of a thin strip of cells along the center of the back, called the neural plate. The inner portion of the neural plate (along the midline) is destined to become the central nervous system (CNS), the outer portion the peripheral nervous",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20773606",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous tissue\"\nof different types of nerve cells, all of which have an axon. An axon is the long stem-like part of the cell that sends action potential signals to the next cell. Bundles of axons make up the nerves in the PNS and tracts in the CNS. Functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity. Nervous tissue is composed of neurons, also called nerve cells, and neuroglial cells. Four types of neuroglia found in the CNS are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes. Two types of neuroglia found in the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15883131",
"chunk_text": "\"Peripheral nervous system\"\nThese include the greater occipital nerve, which provides sensation to the back of the head, the lesser occipital nerve, which provides sensation to the area behind the ears, the greater auricular nerve and the lesser auricular nerve. The phrenic nerve is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3, C4 and C5. It supplies the thoracic diaphragm, enabling breathing. If the spinal cord is transected above C3, then spontaneous breathing is not possible. The last four cervical spinal nerves, C5 through C8, and the first thoracic spinal nerve, T1, combine to form the brachial plexus, or",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19719515",
"chunk_text": "Neuroregeneration\nNervous system injuries affect over 90,000 people every year. It is estimated that spinal cord injuries alone affect 10,000 each year. As a result of this high incidence of neurological injuries, nerve regeneration and repair, a subfield of neural tissue engineering, is becoming a rapidly growing field dedicated to the discovery of new ways to recover nerve functionality after injury. The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of cranial and spinal nerves along with their associated ganglia. While the peripheral",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4042770",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous system\"\nbundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called \"\"motor\"\" or \"\"efferent\"\" nerves, while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called \"\"sensory\"\" or \"\"afferent\"\". Spinal nerves serve both functions and are called \"\"mixed\"\" nerves. The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems, the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14097329",
"chunk_text": "\"Peripheral nervous system\"\nand T1 (so it is called spinal nerve root C8). In the lumbar and sacral region, the spinal nerve roots travel within the dural sac and they travel below the level of L2 as the cauda equina. The first 4 cervical spinal nerves, C1 through C4, split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that serve the neck and back of head. Spinal nerve C1 is called the suboccipital nerve, which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the skull. C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck, providing both sensory and motor control.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17144693",
"chunk_text": "\"Nerve tract\"\nNerve tract A nerve tract is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting nuclei of the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system this is known as a nerve. The main nerve tracts in the central nervous system are of three types: association fibers, commissural fibers, and projection fibers. A tract may also be referred to as a commissure, fasciculus or decussation. A commissure connects the two cerebral hemispheres at the same levels. Examples are the posterior commissure and the corpus callosum. A decussation is a connection made by fibres that cross at different levels (obliquely), such as the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14097326",
"chunk_text": "\"Peripheral nervous system\"\nand thalamus, respectively, and are thus not considered to be true cranial nerves. One unique cranial nerve is the vagus nerve, which receives sensory information from organs in the thorax and abdomen. The accessory nerve is responsible for innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, neither of which being exclusively in the head. For the rest of the body, spinal nerves are responsible for somatosensory information. These arise from the spinal cord. Usually these arise as a web (\"\"plexus\"\") of interconnected nerves roots that arrange to form single nerves. These nerves control the functions of the rest of the body. In",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11472738",
"chunk_text": "\"Peripheral nervous system\"\ncord from the central nervous system are connected with organs that have smooth muscle, such as the heart, bladder, and other cardiac, exocrine, and endocrine related organs, by ganglionic neurons. The most notable physiological effects from autonomic activity are pupil constriction and dilation, and salivation of saliva. The autonomic nervous system is always activated, but is either in the sympathetic or parasympathetic state. Depending on the situation, one state can overshadow the other, resulting in a release of different kinds of neurotransmitters. There is a lesser known division of the autonomic nervous system known as the enteric nervous system. Located",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4678918",
"chunk_text": "\"Central nervous system\"\nsystem, which consists of neurons, axons and Schwann cells. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells have similar functions in the central and peripheral nervous system respectively. Both act to add myelin sheaths to the axons, which acts as a form of insulation allowing for better and faster proliferation of electrical signals along the nerves. Axons in the central nervous system are often very short (barely a few millimeters) and do not need the same degree of isolation as peripheral nerves do. Some peripheral nerves can be over 1m in length, such as the nerves to the big toe. To ensure signals move",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14213214",
"chunk_text": "\"Somatic nervous system\"\nSomatic nervous system The somatic nervous system (SNS or voluntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. The somatic nervous system consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves. Afferent nerves are responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the central nervous system; efferent nerves are responsible for sending out commands from the CNS to the body, stimulating muscle contraction; they include all the non-sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin. The \"\"a-\"\" of \"\"afferent\"\" and the \"\"e-\"\" of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14213215",
"chunk_text": "\"Somatic nervous system\"\n\"\"efferent\"\" correspond to the prefixes \"\"ad-\"\" (to, toward) and \"\"ex-\"\" (out of). There are 43 segments of nerves in the human body. With each segment, there is a pair of sensory and motor nerves. In the body, 31 segments of nerves are in the spinal cord and 12 are in the brain stem. Besides these, thousands of association nerves are also present in the body. Thus the somatic nervous system consists of two parts: The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, and the process of voluntary reflex arcs. The basic route of nerve signals within",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4399677",
"chunk_text": "\"Segmentation in the human nervous system\"\ncentral nervous system (CNS). Along with the brain, it develops from the dorsal nerve cord in the embryonic stage. The spinal cord consists of such segmental enlargements called ganglia. These ganglia form the basis for the peripheral nervous system’s (PNS) sensory and motor neurons that innervate various parts of the body. The vertebral segmentation is a process that forms a distinctive feature of the group. At first, somites form as a spherical epithelial structure with a central lumen lined by radially arranged cells. Structures such as mesenchymal sclerotome which later develop as the vertebral column along with notochord, and dermomyotome",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6036562",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous tissue\"\ntheir function. Neuroglial cells are classified as follows: In the central nervous system: In the Peripheral Nervous System: The three layers of connective tissue surrounding each nerve are: The function of nervous tissue is to form the communication network of the nervous system by conducting electric signals across tissue. In the CNS, grey matter, which contains the synapses, is important for information processing. White matter, containing myelinated axons, connects and facilitates nerve impulse between grey matter areas in the CNS. In the PNS, the ganglion tissue, containing the cell bodies and dendrites, contain relay points for nerve tissue impulses. The",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2376351",
"chunk_text": "\"Evolution of nervous systems\"\nsuch as insects and crustaceans, have a nervous system made up of a series of ganglia, connected by a ventral nerve cord made up of two parallel connectives running along the length of the belly. Typically, each body segment has one ganglion on each side, though some ganglia are fused to form the brain and other large ganglia. The head segment contains the brain, also known as the supraesophageal ganglion. In the insect nervous system, the brain is anatomically divided into the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum. Immediately behind the brain is the subesophageal ganglion, which is composed of three pairs",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6189094",
"chunk_text": "\"Nerve plexus\"\nNerve plexus A nerve plexus is a plexus (branching network) of intersecting nerves. A nerve plexus is composed of afferent and efferent fibers that arise from the merging of the anterior rami of spinal nerves and blood vessels. There are five spinal nerve plexuses, except in the thoracic region, as well as other forms of autonomic plexuses, many of which are a part of the enteric nervous system. The nerves that arise from the plexuses have both sensory and motor functions. These functions include muscle contraction, the maintenance of body coordination and control, and the reaction to sensations such as",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4678902",
"chunk_text": "\"Central nervous system\"\nCentral nervous system The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system is so named because it integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish—and it contains the majority of the nervous system. Many consider the retina and the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), as well as the olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I) and olfactory epithelium as parts of the CNS,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15883129",
"chunk_text": "\"Peripheral nervous system\"\nhumans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. These nerve roots are named according to the spinal vertebrata which they are adjacent to. In the cervical region, the spinal nerve roots come out \"\"above\"\" the corresponding vertebrae (i.e., nerve root between the skull and 1st cervical vertebrae is called spinal nerve C1). From the thoracic region to the coccygeal region, the spinal nerve roots come out \"\"below\"\" the corresponding vertebrae. It is important to note that this method creates a problem when naming the spinal nerve root between C7",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1010202",
"chunk_text": "Neuron\nNeuron A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. These signals between neurons occur via specialized connections called synapses. Neurons can connect to each other to form neural pathways, and neural circuits. Neurons are the primary components of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and of the peripheral nervous system, which comprises the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. There are many types of specialized neurons. Sensory neurons respond to one particular type",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9260434",
"chunk_text": "Myelin\nCNS white matter tracts (e.g. the optic nerve, corticospinal tract and corpus callosum) and PNS nerves (e.g. the sciatic nerve and the auditory nerve; which also appear white) each comprise thousands to millions of axons, largely aligned in parallel. Blood vessels provide the route for oxygen and energy substrates such as glucose to reach these fibre tracts, which also contain other cell types including astrocytes and microglia in the CNS and macrophages in the PNS. In terms of total mass, myelin comprises approximately 40% water; the dry mass comprises between 60% and 75% lipid and between 15% and 25% protein.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1010205",
"chunk_text": "Neuron\nmake up the nerves in the peripheral nervous system (like strands of wire make up cables). Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are called tracts. The cell body of a neuron frequently gives rise to multiple dendrites, but never to more than one axon, although the axon may branch hundreds of times before it terminates. At the majority of synapses, signals are sent from the axon of one neuron to a dendrite of another. There are, however, many exceptions to these rules: for example, neurons can lack dendrites, or have no axon, and synapses can connect an axon",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4678906",
"chunk_text": "\"Central nervous system\"\n(cerebrum as well as midbrain and hindbrain) consists of a cortex, composed of neuron-bodies constituting gray matter, while internally there is more white matter that form tracts and commissures. Apart from cortical gray matter there is also subcortical gray matter making up a large number of different nuclei. From and to the spinal cord are projections of the peripheral nervous system in the form of spinal nerves (sometimes segmental nerves). The nerves connect the spinal cord to skin, joints, muscles etc. and allow for the transmission of efferent motor as well as afferent sensory signals and stimuli. This allows for",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7550200",
"chunk_text": "Ganglion\ndifferent neurological structures in the body, such as the peripheral and central nervous systems. Among vertebrates there are three major groups of ganglia: In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central nervous system to the ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers, while those from the ganglia to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. The term \"\"ganglion\"\" refers to the peripheral nervous system. However, in the brain (part of the central nervous system), the \"\"basal ganglia\"\" is a group of nuclei interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, associated with a variety of functions: motor control, cognition, emotions,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7673450",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous system\"\none ganglion on each side, though some ganglia are fused to form the brain and other large ganglia. The head segment contains the brain, also known as the supraesophageal ganglion. In the insect nervous system, the brain is anatomically divided into the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum. Immediately behind the brain is the subesophageal ganglion, which is composed of three pairs of fused ganglia. It controls the mouthparts, the salivary glands and certain muscles. Many arthropods have well-developed sensory organs, including compound eyes for vision and antennae for olfaction and pheromone sensation. The sensory information from these organs is processed by",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4606075",
"chunk_text": "Axon\nthe brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals. A bundle of axons make a nerve tract in the central nervous system, and a fascicle in the peripheral nervous system. In placental mammals the largest white matter tract in the brain is the corpus callosum, formed of some 20 million axons in the human brain. Axons are the primary transmission lines of the nervous system, and as bundles they form nerves. Some axons can extend up to one meter or more while others extend as little as one millimeter. The longest axons in the human body are those of the sciatic",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14097338",
"chunk_text": "\"Peripheral nervous system\"\nfunction one or more nerves are damaged through a variety of means. Toxic damage may occur because of diabetes (diabetic neuropathy), alcohol, heavy metals or other toxins; some infections; autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis. Peripheral neuropathy is associated with a sensory loss in a \"\"glove and stocking\"\" distribution that begins at the peripheral and slowly progresses upwards, and may also be associated with acute and chronic pain. Peripheral neuropathy is not just limited to the somatosensory nerves, but the autonomic nervous system too (autonomic neuropathy). Peripheral nervous system The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7550199",
"chunk_text": "Ganglion\nGanglion A ganglion is a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system and sensory system. Ganglia house the cell bodies of afferent nerves (input nerve fibers) and efferent nerves (output/motor nerve fibers), or axons. A pseudoganglion looks like a ganglion, but only has nerve fibers and has no nerve cell bodies. Ganglia are primarily made up of somata and dendritic structures which are bundled or connected. Ganglia often interconnect with other ganglia to form a complex system of ganglia known as a plexus. Ganglia provide relay points and intermediary connections between",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2824516",
"chunk_text": "Neuromechanics\nis then composed of three sub-systems: the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the visceral nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is also broken down into the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system. The nervous system responsible for voluntary motion, including lower limb motion, is the somatic nervous system. Though the somatic nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system, motion also involves use of elements of the central nervous system: the brain and the spinal cord. Neuroscience contributes to human neuromechanics by studying how different neurological diseases contribute to biomechanical",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11421578",
"chunk_text": "\"Nervous system\"\nfailure of nerve conduction, which can be due to different causes including diabetic neuropathy and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscience is the field of science that focuses on the study of the nervous system. The nervous system derives its name from nerves, which are cylindrical bundles of fibers (the axons of neurons), that emanate from the brain and spinal cord, and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body. Nerves are large enough to have been recognized by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, but their internal structure was not understood until it",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_3602
|
who were the two mathematicians that invented calculus?
|
n/a
|
[
"Gottfried Leibniz",
"Isaac Newton"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5515573",
"chunk_text": "\"History of calculus\"\nHistory of calculus Calculus, known in its early history as infinitesimal calculus, is a mathematical discipline focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently discovered calculus in the mid-17th century. However, both inventors claimed that the other had stolen his work, and the Leibniz-Newton calculus controversy continued until the end of their lives. The ancient period introduced some of the ideas that led to integral calculus, but does not seem to have developed these ideas in a rigorous and systematic way. Calculations of volumes and areas, one goal of integral calculus, can",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15293845",
"chunk_text": "\"History of calculus\"\nsocial sciences, starting with Neoclassical economics. Today, it is a valuable tool in mainstream economics. History of calculus Calculus, known in its early history as infinitesimal calculus, is a mathematical discipline focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently discovered calculus in the mid-17th century. However, both inventors claimed that the other had stolen his work, and the Leibniz-Newton calculus controversy continued until the end of their lives. The ancient period introduced some of the ideas that led to integral calculus, but does not seem to have developed these ideas in a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7476429",
"chunk_text": "Calculus\nnotation as well as some theories, such as propositional calculus, Ricci calculus, calculus of variations, lambda calculus, and process calculus. Modern calculus was developed in 17th-century Europe by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (independently of each other, first publishing around the same time) but elements of it appeared in ancient Greece, then in China and the Middle East, and still later again in medieval Europe and in India. The ancient period introduced some of the ideas that led to integral calculus, but does not seem to have developed these ideas in a rigorous and systematic way. Calculations of volume",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1787328",
"chunk_text": "\"History of calculus\"\nwho first \"\"invented\"\" calculus. This argument, the Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy, involving Leibniz, who was German, and the Englishman Newton, led to a rift in the European mathematical community lasting over a century. Leibniz was the first to publish his investigations; however, it is well established that Newton had started his work several years prior to Leibniz and had already developed a theory of tangents by the time Leibniz became interested in the question. It is not known how much this may have influenced Leibniz. The initial accusations were made by students and supporters of the two great scientists",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13894629",
"chunk_text": "Calculus\nand Newton are usually both given credit for independently inventing and developing calculus. Newton was the first to apply calculus to general physics and Leibniz developed much of the notation used in calculus today. The basic insights that both Newton and Leibniz provided were the laws of differentiation and integration, second and higher derivatives, and the notion of an approximating polynomial series. By Newton's time, the fundamental theorem of calculus was known. When Newton and Leibniz first published their results, there was great controversy over which mathematician (and therefore which country) deserved credit. Newton derived his results first (later to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7834400",
"chunk_text": "\"Differential calculus\"\nThe modern development of calculus is usually credited to Isaac Newton (1643–1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), who provided independent and unified approaches to differentiation and derivatives. The key insight, however, that earned them this credit, was the fundamental theorem of calculus relating differentiation and integration: this rendered obsolete most previous methods for computing areas and volumes, which had not been significantly extended since the time of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen). For their ideas on derivatives, both Newton and Leibniz built on significant earlier work by mathematicians such as Pierre de Fermat (1607-1665), Isaac Barrow (1630–1677), René Descartes (1596–1650), Christiaan Huygens",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3258809",
"chunk_text": "\"History of mathematics\"\nFrom ancient times through the Middle Ages, periods of mathematical discovery were often followed by centuries of stagnation. Beginning in Renaissance Italy in the 15th century, new mathematical developments, interacting with new scientific discoveries, were made at an increasing pace that continues through the present day. This includes the groundbreaking work of both Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the development of infinitesimal calculus during the course of the 17th century. At the end of the 19th century the International Congress of Mathematicians was founded and continues to spearhead advances in the field. The origins of mathematical thought lie",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8266604",
"chunk_text": "Calculus\nmachinery from mathematical logic to augment the real number system with infinitesimal and infinite numbers, as in the original Newton-Leibniz conception. The resulting numbers are called hyperreal numbers, and they can be used to give a Leibniz-like development of the usual rules of calculus. There is also smooth infinitesimal analysis, which differs from non-standard analysis in that it mandates neglecting higher power infinitesimals during derivations. While many of the ideas of calculus had been developed earlier in Greece, China, India, Iraq, Persia, and Japan, the use of calculus began in Europe, during the 17th century, when Isaac Newton and Gottfried",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11109781",
"chunk_text": "\"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz\"\nGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (sometimes spelled Leibnitz) (; or ; ; – 14 November 1716) was a prominent German polymath and philosopher in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy. His most notable accomplishment was conceiving the ideas of differential and integral calculus, independently of Isaac Newton's contemporaneous developments. Mathematical works have always favored Leibniz's notation as the conventional expression of calculus, while Newton's notation became unused. It was only in the 20th century that Leibniz's law of continuity and transcendental law of homogeneity found mathematical implementation (by means of non-standard analysis). He became one",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13894626",
"chunk_text": "Calculus\nEurope at around the same time. Pierre de Fermat, claiming that he borrowed from Diophantus, introduced the concept of adequality, which represented equality up to an infinitesimal error term. The combination was achieved by John Wallis, Isaac Barrow, and James Gregory, the latter two proving the second fundamental theorem of calculus around 1670. The product rule and chain rule, the notions of higher derivatives and Taylor series, and of analytic functions were introduced by Isaac Newton in an idiosyncratic notation which he used to solve problems of mathematical physics. In his works, Newton rephrased his ideas to suit the mathematical",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10948833",
"chunk_text": "\"Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy\"\nLeibniz–Newton calculus controversy The calculus controversy (, \"\"priority dispute\"\") was an argument between the mathematicians Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz over who had first invented calculus. The question was a major intellectual controversy, which began simmering in 1699 and broke out in full force in 1711. Leibniz had published his work first, but Newton's supporters accused Leibniz of plagiarizing Newton's unpublished ideas. Leibniz died in disfavor in 1716 after his patron, the Elector Georg Ludwig of Hanover, became King George I of Great Britain in 1714. The modern consensus is that both men developed their ideas independently. Newton claimed",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1787330",
"chunk_text": "\"History of calculus\"\nscience of fluents and fluxions\"\". The work of both Newton and Leibniz is reflected in the notation used today. Newton introduced the notation formula_9 for the derivative of a function \"\"f\"\". Leibniz introduced the symbol formula_10 for the integral and wrote the derivative of a function \"\"y\"\" of the variable \"\"x\"\" as formula_11, both of which are still in use. Since the time of Leibniz and Newton, many mathematicians have contributed to the continuing development of calculus. One of the first and most complete works on both infinitesimal and integral calculus was written in 1748 by Maria Gaetana Agnesi. Antoine",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2550519",
"chunk_text": "\"History of calculus\"\nat the turn of the century, but after 1711 both of them became personally involved, accusing each other of plagiarism. The priority dispute had an effect of separating English-speaking mathematicians from those in the continental Europe for many years. Only in the 1820s, due to the efforts of the Analytical Society, did Leibnizian analytical calculus become accepted in England. Today, both Newton and Leibniz are given credit for independently developing the basics of calculus. It is Leibniz, however, who is credited with giving the new discipline the name it is known by today: \"\"calculus\"\". Newton's name for it was \"\"the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3258883",
"chunk_text": "\"History of mathematics\"\ncoordinates. Building on earlier work by many predecessors, Isaac Newton discovered the laws of physics explaining Kepler's Laws, and brought together the concepts now known as calculus. Independently, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who is arguably one of the most important mathematicians of the 17th century, developed calculus and much of the calculus notation still in use today. Science and mathematics had become an international endeavor, which would soon spread over the entire world. In addition to the application of mathematics to the studies of the heavens, applied mathematics began to expand into new areas, with the correspondence of Pierre de Fermat",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2690894",
"chunk_text": "\"Foundations of mathematics\"\ncollections of individual objects (following older speculations that they are words, \"\"\"\"logoi\"\"\"\"). René Descartes published \"\"La Géométrie\"\" (1637), aimed at reducing geometry to algebra by means of coordinate systems, giving algebra a more foundational role (while the Greeks embedded arithmetic into geometry by identifying whole numbers with evenly spaced points on a line). Descartes' book became famous after 1649 and paved the way to infinitesimal calculus. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) in England and Leibniz (1646–1716) in Germany independently developed the infinitesimal calculus based on heuristic methods greatly efficient, but direly lacking rigorous justifications. Leibniz even went on to explicitly describe infinitesimals",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13894620",
"chunk_text": "Calculus\ninfinite sequences and infinite series to a well-defined limit. Generally, modern calculus is considered to have been developed in the 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Today, calculus has widespread uses in science, engineering, and economics. Calculus is a part of modern mathematics education. A course in calculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits, broadly called mathematical analysis. Calculus has historically been called \"\"the calculus of infinitesimals\"\", or \"\"infinitesimal calculus\"\". The term \"\"calculus\"\" (plural \"\"calculi\"\") is also used for naming specific methods of calculation or",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13894631",
"chunk_text": "Calculus\n\"\"the science of fluxions\"\". Since the time of Leibniz and Newton, many mathematicians have contributed to the continuing development of calculus. One of the first and most complete works on both infinitesimal and integral calculus was written in 1748 by Maria Gaetana Agnesi. In calculus, \"\"foundations\"\" refers to the rigorous development of the subject from axioms and definitions. In early calculus the use of infinitesimal quantities was thought unrigorous, and was fiercely criticized by a number of authors, most notably Michel Rolle and Bishop Berkeley. Berkeley famously described infinitesimals as the ghosts of departed quantities in his book \"\"The Analyst\"\"",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15293838",
"chunk_text": "\"History of calculus\"\nJakob Bernoulli but Leonhard Euler first elaborated the subject. His contributions began in 1733, and his \"\"Elementa Calculi Variationum\"\" gave to the science its name. Joseph Louis Lagrange contributed extensively to the theory, and Adrien-Marie Legendre (1786) laid down a method, not entirely satisfactory, for the discrimination of maxima and minima. To this discrimination Brunacci (1810), Carl Friedrich Gauss (1829), Siméon Denis Poisson (1831), Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky (1834), and Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi (1837) have been among the contributors. An important general work is that of Sarrus (1842) which was condensed and improved by Augustin Louis Cauchy (1844). Other valuable",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7550254",
"chunk_text": "\"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz\"\nHowever this formula is only accurate with a large number of terms, using 10,000,000 terms to obtain the correct value of to 8 decimal places. Leibniz attempted to create a definition for a straight line while attempting to prove the parallel postulate. While most mathematicians defined a straight line as the shortest line between two points, Leibniz believed that this was merely a property of a straight line rather than the definition. Leibniz is credited, along with Sir Isaac Newton, with the discovery of calculus (differential and integral calculus). According to Leibniz's notebooks, a critical breakthrough occurred on 11 November",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13894628",
"chunk_text": "Calculus\ntime infinitesimal methods were still considered disreputable. These ideas were arranged into a true calculus of infinitesimals by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was originally accused of plagiarism by Newton. He is now regarded as an independent inventor of and contributor to calculus. His contribution was to provide a clear set of rules for working with infinitesimal quantities, allowing the computation of second and higher derivatives, and providing the product rule and chain rule, in their differential and integral forms. Unlike Newton, Leibniz paid a lot of attention to the formalism, often spending days determining appropriate symbols for concepts. Today, Leibniz",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15561315",
"chunk_text": "Derivative\nis that the derivative of a function at a point serves as a linear approximation of the function at that point. Calculus, known in its early history as \"\"infinitesimal calculus\"\", is a mathematical discipline focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz independently discovered calculus in the mid-17th century. However, each inventor claimed the other stole his work in a bitter dispute that continued until the end of their lives. Derivative The derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of the function value (output value) with respect to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16658873",
"chunk_text": "\"Pierre de Fermat\"\nPierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat () (Between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the \"\"Parlement\"\" of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality. In particular, he is recognized for his discovery of an original method of finding the greatest and the smallest ordinates of curved lines, which is analogous to that of differential calculus, then unknown, and his research into number theory. He made notable contributions to analytic geometry, probability, and optics. He is best",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19781518",
"chunk_text": "\"Isaac Barrow\"\nfor every separate case. Barrow is also notable as the tutor and academic advisor of Isaac Newton resulting in a scientific genealogy containing a significant number of Nobel Prize winners (see Academic genealogy of theoretical physicists: Isaac Barrow). Isaac Barrow Isaac Barrow (October 1630 – 4 May 1677) was an English Christian theologian and mathematician who is generally given credit for his early role in the development of infinitesimal calculus; in particular, for the discovery of the fundamental theorem of calculus. His work centered on the properties of the tangent; Barrow was the first to calculate the tangents of the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13894632",
"chunk_text": "Calculus\nin 1734. Working out a rigorous foundation for calculus occupied mathematicians for much of the century following Newton and Leibniz, and is still to some extent an active area of research today. Several mathematicians, including Maclaurin, tried to prove the soundness of using infinitesimals, but it would not be until 150 years later when, due to the work of Cauchy and Weierstrass, a way was finally found to avoid mere \"\"notions\"\" of infinitely small quantities. The foundations of differential and integral calculus had been laid. In Cauchy's \"\"Cours d'Analyse\"\", we find a broad range of foundational approaches, including a definition",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7834401",
"chunk_text": "\"Differential calculus\"\n(1629–1695), Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) and John Wallis (1616–1703). Regarding Fermat's influence, Newton once wrote in a letter that \"\"\"\"I had the hint of this method [of fluxions] from Fermat's way of drawing tangents, and by applying it to abstract equations, directly and invertedly, I made it general.\"\"\"\" Isaac Barrow is generally given credit for the early development of the derivative. Nevertheless, Newton and Leibniz remain key figures in the history of differentiation, not least because Newton was the first to apply differentiation to theoretical physics, while Leibniz systematically developed much of the notation still used today. Since the 17th century",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5515579",
"chunk_text": "\"History of calculus\"\nproblem-solving tool we have today. The mathematical study of continuity was revived in the 14th century by the Oxford Calculators and French collaborators such as Nicole Oresme. They proved the \"\"Merton mean speed theorem\"\": that a uniformly accelerated body travels the same distance as a body with uniform speed whose speed is half the final velocity of the accelerated body. In the 17th century, European mathematicians Isaac Barrow, René Descartes, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, John Wallis and others discussed the idea of a derivative. In particular, in \"\"Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minima\"\" and in \"\"De tangentibus linearum curvarum\"\",",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13216537",
"chunk_text": "\"Augustin-Louis Cauchy\"\nAugustin-Louis Cauchy Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy (; ; 21 August 178923 May 1857) was a French mathematician, engineer and physicist who made pioneering contributions to several branches of mathematics, including mathematical analysis and continuum mechanics. He was one of the first to state and rigorously prove theorems of calculus, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra of earlier authors. He almost singlehandedly founded complex analysis and the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra. A profound mathematician, Cauchy had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors; Hans Freudenthal stated: \"\"More concepts and theorems have been named for Cauchy",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1787327",
"chunk_text": "\"History of calculus\"\nsuch, its invention required the creation of a new mathematical system. Importantly, Newton and Leibniz did not create the same calculus and they did not conceive of modern calculus. While they were both involved in the process of creating a mathematical system to deal with variable quantities their elementary base was different. For Newton, change was a variable quantity over time and for Leibniz it was the difference ranging over a sequence of infinitely close values. Notably, the descriptive terms each system created to describe change was different. Historically, there was much debate over whether it was Newton or Leibniz",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5871616",
"chunk_text": "\"William Oughtred\"\nWilliam Oughtred William Oughtred ( ; 5 March 1574 – 30 June 1660) was an English mathematician and Anglican clergyman. After John Napier invented logarithms and Edmund Gunter created the logarithmic scales (lines, or rules) upon which slide rules are based, Oughtred was the first to use two such scales sliding by one another to perform direct multiplication and division. He is credited with inventing the slide rule in about 1622. He also introduced the \"\"×\"\" symbol for multiplication and the abbreviations \"\"sin\"\" and \"\"cos\"\" for the sine and cosine functions. Oughtred was born at Eton in Buckinghamshire (now part",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4254095",
"chunk_text": "\"Henri Lebesgue\"\na high degree of geometric symmetry. In the 17th century, Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz discovered the idea that integration was intrinsically linked to differentiation, the latter being a way of measuring how quickly a function changed at any given point on the graph. This surprising relationship between two major geometric operations in calculus, differentiation and integration, is now known as the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. It has allowed mathematicians to calculate a broad class of integrals for the first time. However, unlike Archimedes' method, which was based on Euclidean geometry, mathematicians felt that Newton's and Leibniz's integral calculus",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14172154",
"chunk_text": "Infinitesimal\ncalculus, they made use of infinitesimals, Newton's \"\"fluxions\"\" and Leibniz' \"\"differential\"\". The use of infinitesimals was attacked as incorrect by Bishop Berkeley in his work \"\"The Analyst\"\". Mathematicians, scientists, and engineers continued to use infinitesimals to produce correct results. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the calculus was reformulated by Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Bernard Bolzano, Karl Weierstrass, Cantor, Dedekind, and others using the (ε, δ)-definition of limit and set theory. While the followers of Cantor, Dedekind, and Weierstrass sought to rid analysis of infinitesimals, and their philosophical allies like Bertrand Russell and Rudolf Carnap declared that infinitesimals are \"\"pseudoconcepts\"\",",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15105940",
"chunk_text": "\"Leonhard Euler\"\nLeonhard Euler Leonhard Euler ( ; ; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer, who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also known for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy, and music theory. Euler was one of the most eminent",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15880179",
"chunk_text": "\"History of mathematical notation\"\nthe logarithmic scales (lines, or rules) upon which slide rules are based, it was William Oughtred who used two such scales sliding by one another to perform direct multiplication and division; and he is credited as the inventor of the slide rule in 1622. In 1631 Oughtred introduced the multiplication sign (×) his proportionality sign, and abbreviations \"\"sin\"\" and \"\"cos\"\" for the sine and cosine functions. Albert Girard also used the abbreviations 'sin', 'cos' and 'tan' for the trigonometric functions in his treatise. Johannes Kepler was one of the pioneers of the mathematical applications of infinitesimals. René Descartes is credited",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2198774",
"chunk_text": "\"Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy\"\n(Chali 2na). Tyson delivers a rap line stating that Newton was busy \"\"sticking daggers in Leibniz\"\". In an episode of \"\"The Big Bang Theory\"\", Leonard is accused of not wanting the bust of Isaac Newton at the top of the Christmas tree by Sheldon, saying it is because he is a Leibniz man. Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy The calculus controversy (, \"\"priority dispute\"\") was an argument between the mathematicians Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz over who had first invented calculus. The question was a major intellectual controversy, which began simmering in 1699 and broke out in full force in 1711.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15694671",
"chunk_text": "\"History of geometry\"\nsome early work in this area by Hellenistic geometers, notably Pappus (c. 340). The greatest flowering of the field occurred with Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788–1867). In the late 17th century, calculus was developed independently and almost simultaneously by Isaac Newton (1642–1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716). This was the beginning of a new field of mathematics now called analysis. Though not itself a branch of geometry, it is applicable to geometry, and it solved two families of problems that had long been almost intractable: finding tangent lines to odd curves, and finding areas enclosed by those curves. The methods of calculus",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1448428",
"chunk_text": "\"Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis\"\nirrational quantities, and a singular kind of calculus for the above mentioned.\"\" It is from this title that this branch of mathematics takes the name calculus. Although calculus was independently co-invented by Isaac Newton, most of the notation in modern calculus is from Leibniz. Leibniz's careful attention to his notation makes some believe that \"\"his contribution to calculus was much more influential than Newton's.\"\" Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis \"\"Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis\"\" is the first published work on the subject of calculus. It was published in by Gottfried Leibniz in the \"\"Acta Eruditorum\"\" in October 1684.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2550521",
"chunk_text": "\"History of calculus\"\nArbogast (1800) was the first to separate the symbol of operation from that of quantity in a differential equation. Francois-Joseph Servois (1814) seem to have been the first to give correct rules on the subject. Charles James Hargreave (1848) applied these methods in his memoir on differential equations, and George Boole freely employed them. Hermann Grassmann and Hermann Hankel made great use of the theory, the former in studying equations, the latter in his theory of complex numbers. The calculus of variations may be said to begin with a problem of Johann Bernoulli (1696). It immediately occupied the attention of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15293839",
"chunk_text": "\"History of calculus\"\ntreatises and memoirs have been written by Strauch (1849), Jellett (1850), Otto Hesse (1857), Alfred Clebsch (1858), and Carll (1885), but perhaps the most important work of the century is that of Karl Weierstrass. His course on the theory may be asserted to be the first to place calculus on a firm and rigorous foundation. Niels Henrik Abel seems to have been the first to consider in a general way the question as to what differential expressions can be integrated in a finite form by the aid of ordinary functions, an investigation extended by Liouville. Cauchy early undertook the general",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7550257",
"chunk_text": "\"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz\"\ncalculus was free of contradictions, and was better grounded than Berkeley's empiricist criticisms. From 1711 until his death, Leibniz was engaged in a dispute with John Keill, Newton and others, over whether Leibniz had invented calculus independently of Newton. This subject is treated at length in the article Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy. The use of infinitesimals in mathematics was frowned upon by followers of Karl Weierstrass, but survived in science and engineering, and even in rigorous mathematics, via the fundamental computational device known as the differential. Beginning in 1960, Abraham Robinson worked out a rigorous foundation for Leibniz's infinitesimals, using model",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6922984",
"chunk_text": "\"Mathematical analysis\"\nthe Taylor series of the trigonometric functions, he also estimated the magnitude of the error terms created by truncating these series and gave a rational approximation of an infinite series. His followers at the Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics further expanded his works, up to the 16th century. The modern foundations of mathematical analysis were established in 17th century Europe. Descartes and Fermat independently developed analytic geometry, and a few decades later Newton and Leibniz independently developed infinitesimal calculus, which grew, with the stimulus of applied work that continued through the 18th century, into analysis topics such as the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1429310",
"chunk_text": "\"Jacob Bernoulli\"\nEuler later named ; with \"\"continuous\"\" compounding, the account value will reach $2.7182818... More generally, an account that starts at $1, and yields (1+) dollars at Compound interest, will yield dollars with continuous compounding. Jacob Bernoulli Jacob Bernoulli (also known as James or Jacques; – 16 August 1705) was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He was an early proponent of Leibnizian calculus and had sided with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz during the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy. He is known for his numerous contributions to calculus, and along with his brother Johann, was one of the founders of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17134269",
"chunk_text": "\"Pierre de Fermat\"\nnumber relations and his ability to find proofs for many of his theorems, Fermat essentially created the modern theory of numbers. Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat () (Between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the \"\"Parlement\"\" of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality. In particular, he is recognized for his discovery of an original method of finding the greatest and the smallest ordinates of curved lines, which is analogous to that of differential calculus,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12684912",
"chunk_text": "\"History of calculus\"\ne = 2.71828..., and \"\"F\"\" was identified as the inverse function of the exponential function, it became the natural logarithm, satisfying formula_3 The first proof of Rolle's theorem was given by Michel Rolle in 1691 using methods developed by the Dutch mathematician Johann van Waveren Hudde. The mean value theorem in its modern form was stated by Bernard Bolzano and Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789–1857) also after the founding of modern calculus. Important contributions were also made by Barrow, Huygens, and many others. Before Newton and Leibniz, the word “calculus” referred to any body of mathematics, but in the following years, \"\"calculus\"\"",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3154181",
"chunk_text": "\"Non-standard calculus\"\nand meaningful, building upon work by Edwin Hewitt and Jerzy Łoś. According to Howard Keilser, \"\"Robinson solved a three hundred year old problem by giving a precise treatment of infinitesimals. Robinson's achievement will probably rank as one of the major mathematical advances of the twentieth century.\"\" The history of non-standard calculus began with the use of infinitely small quantities, called infinitesimals in calculus. The use of infinitesimals can be found the foundations of calculus independently developed by Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton starting in the 1660s. John Wallis refined earlier techniques of indivisibles of Cavalieri and others by exploiting an",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2161052",
"chunk_text": "\"John Wallis\"\nJohn Wallis John Wallis (; 3 December 1616 – 8 November 1703) was an English clergyman and mathematician who is given partial credit for the development of infinitesimal calculus. Between 1643 and 1689 he served as chief cryptographer for Parliament and, later, the royal court. He is credited with introducing the symbol ∞ to represent the concept of infinity. He similarly used 1/∞ for an infinitesimal. John Wallis was a contemporary of Newton and one of the greatest intellectuals of the early renaissance of mathematics. John Wallis was born in Ashford, Kent,he was the third of five children of Reverend",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8768312",
"chunk_text": "\"Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics\"\nconsidered a part of calculus. According to V.J. Katz, they were yet to \"\"combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between the two, and turn calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today\"\", like Newton and Leibniz. The intellectual careers of both Newton and Leibniz are well-documented and there is no indication of their work not being their own; however, it is not known with certainty whether the immediate \"\"predecessors\"\" of Newton and Leibniz, \"\"including, in particular, Fermat and Roberval, learned of some of the ideas of the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7649404",
"chunk_text": "\"Isaac Newton\"\nIsaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author (described in his own day as a \"\"natural philosopher\"\") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book \"\"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica\"\" (\"\"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy\"\"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing the infinitesimal calculus. In \"\"Principia\"\", Newton formulated the laws of motion",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3145329",
"chunk_text": "Calculus\ncomplex plane. In modern mathematics, the foundations of calculus are included in the field of real analysis, which contains full definitions and proofs of the theorems of calculus. The reach of calculus has also been greatly extended. Henri Lebesgue invented measure theory and used it to define integrals of all but the most pathological functions. Laurent Schwartz introduced distributions, which can be used to take the derivative of any function whatsoever. Limits are not the only rigorous approach to the foundation of calculus. Another way is to use Abraham Robinson's non-standard analysis. Robinson's approach, developed in the 1960s, uses technical",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3258886",
"chunk_text": "\"History of mathematics\"\ndifferential calculus, and the calculus of variations, and Laplace who, in the age of Napoleon, did important work on the foundations of celestial mechanics and on statistics. Throughout the 19th century mathematics became increasingly abstract. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) epitomizes this trend. He did revolutionary work on functions of complex variables, in geometry, and on the convergence of series, leaving aside his many contributions to science. He also gave the first satisfactory proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra and of the quadratic reciprocity law. This century saw the development of the two forms of non-Euclidean geometry, where the parallel",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13894624",
"chunk_text": "Calculus\ngave a non-rigorous method, resembling differentiation, applicable to some trigonometric functions. Madhava of Sangamagrama and the Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics thereby stated components of calculus. A complete theory encompassing these components is now well known in the Western world as the \"\"Taylor series\"\" or \"\"infinite series approximations\"\". However, they were not able to \"\"combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between the two, and turn calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today\"\". In Europe, the foundational work was a treatise written by Bonaventura Cavalieri, who",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_3603
|
where do red ear slider turtles lay eggs?
|
n/a
|
[
"a hole"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624141",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nremain viable and available in the female's body in the absence of mating. During the last weeks of gestation, the female spends less time in the water and smells and scratches at the ground, indicating she is searching for a suitable place to lay her eggs. The female excavates a hole, using her hind legs, and lays her eggs in it. Incubation takes 59 to 112 days. Late-season hatchlings may spend the winter in the nest and emerge when the weather warms in the spring. Just prior to hatching, the egg contains 50% turtle and 50% egg sac. A new",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624133",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nand Florida. In nature, they inhabit areas with a source of still, warm water, such as ponds, lakes, swamps, creeks, streams, or slow-flowing rivers. They live in areas of calm water where they are able to leave the water easily by climbing onto rocks or tree trunks so they can warm up in the sun. Individuals are often found sunbathing in a group or even on top of each other. They also require abundant aquatic plants, as these are the adults' main food, although they are omnivores. Turtles in the wild always remain close to water unless they are searching",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624144",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nflip over with the yolk sac, which would allow air into the body cavity and cause death. The other fatal danger is water getting into the body cavity before the sac is absorbed completely and while the opening has not completely healed yet. The sex of red-eared sliders is determined by the incubation temperature during critical phases of the embryos' development. Only males are produced when eggs are incubated at temperatures of , whereas females develop at warmer temperatures. Colder temperatures result in the death of the embryos. Red-eared slider turtles are the world’s most commonly traded reptile, due to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624142",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nhatchling breaks open its egg with its egg tooth, which falls out about an hour after hatching. This egg tooth never grows back. Hatchlings may stay inside their eggshells after hatching for the first day or two. If they are forced to leave the eggshell before they are ready, they will return if possible. When a hatchling decides to leave the shell, it still has a small sac protruding from its plastron. The yolk sac is vital and provides nourishment while visible, and several days later it will have been absorbed into the turtle's belly. The sac must be absorbed,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624143",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nand does not fall off. The split must heal on its own before the turtle is able to swim. The time between the egg hatching and water entry is 21 days. Damage to or inordinate motion of the protruding egg yolk, enough to allow air into the turtle's body, results in death. This is the main reason for marking the top of turtle eggs if their relocation is required for any reason. An egg turned upside down will eventually terminate the embryo's growth by the sac smothering the embryo. If it manages to reach term, the turtle will try to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7607658",
"chunk_text": "\"Pond slider\"\nPond slider The pond slider (\"\"Trachemys scripta\"\") is a species of common, medium-sized, semiaquatic turtle. There are three subspecies, the most recognizable of which is the red-eared slider (\"\"T. s. elegans\"\"), which is popular in the pet trade and has been introduced to other parts of the world by people releasing it to the wild. Hatchling and juvenile pond sliders have a green upper shell (carapace), yellow bottom shell (plastron) and green and yellow stripes and markings on their skin. These patterns and colors in the skin and shell fade with age until the carapace is a muted olive green",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624140",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nto keep her eggs warm. She may also have a change of diet, eating only certain foods, or not eating as much as she normally would. A female can lay between two and 30 eggs depending on body size and other factors. One female can lay up to five clutches in the same year, and clutches are usually spaced 12 to 36 days apart. The time between mating and egg-laying can be days or weeks. The actual egg fertilization takes place during the egg-laying. This process also permits the laying of fertile eggs the following season, as the sperm can",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18453423",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nstrong influence on their lifespans and well being. These turtles are poikilotherms, meaning they are unable to regulate their body temperatures independently; they are completely dependent on the temperature of their environment. For this reason, they need to sunbathe frequently to warm themselves and maintain their body temperatures. The shell is divided into two sections: the upper or dorsal carapace, and the lower, ventral carapace or plastron. The upper carapace consists of the vertebral scutes, which form the central, elevated portion; pleural scutes that are located around the vertebral scutes; and then the marginal scutes around the edge of the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624136",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nspecies with which they compete for food and breeding space. Red-eared sliders are almost entirely aquatic, but as they are cold-blooded, they leave the water to sunbathe to regulate their temperature. Red-eared sliders do not hibernate, but actually brumate; while they become less active, they do occasionally rise to the surface for food or air. Brumation can occur to varying degrees. In the wild, red-eared sliders brumate over the winter at the bottoms of ponds or shallow lakes. They generally become inactive in October, when temperatures fall below . During this time, the turtles enter a state of sopor, during",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624137",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nwhich they do not eat or defecate, they remain nearly motionless, and the frequency of their breathing falls. Individuals usually brumate underwater, but they have also been found under banks and rocks, and in hollow stumps. In warmer winter climates, they can become active and come to the surface for basking. When the temperature begins to drop again, however, they quickly return to a brumation state. Sliders generally come up for food in early March to as late as the end of April. During brumation, \"\"T. s. elegans\"\" can survive anaerobically for weeks, producing ATP from glycolysis. The turtle's metabolic",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624134",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nfor a new habitat or when females leave the water to lay their eggs. Owing to their popularity as pets, red-eared sliders have been released or escaped into the wild in many parts of the world. The turtle is considered one of the world’s worst invasive species. Feral populations are now found in Australia, Europe, South Africa, the Caribbean Islands, Israel, Bahrain, the Mariana Islands, Guam, and southeast and far-east Asia. In Australia, it is illegal for members of the public to import, keep, trade, or release red-eared sliders, as they are regarded as an invasive species - see below.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2190036",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nRed-eared slider The red-eared slider (\"\"Trachemys scripta elegans\"\"), also known as the red-eared terrapin, is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of the pond slider. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States and is also popular as a pet in the rest of the world. It has, therefore, become the most commonly traded turtle in the world. It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico, but has become established in other places because of pet releases, and has become an invasive species in many areas, where it",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17021226",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nunusual color varieties such as albino and pastel red-eared sliders, which are derived from captive breeding, are still allowed for sale. In Australia, breeding populations have been found in New South Wales and Queensland, and individual turtles have been found in the wild in Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia. Red-eared slider turtles are considered a significant threat to native turtle species – they mature more quickly, grow larger, produce more offspring and are more aggressive. Numerous studies provide evidence that red-eared slider turtles can out-compete native turtles for food and nesting and basking sites. Because red-eared slider",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18453443",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nhandling of turtles, which has led to restrictions in the sale of red-eared sliders in the USA. A 1975 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation bans the sale (for general commercial and public use) of both turtle eggs and turtles with a carapace length of less than . This regulation comes under the Public Health Service Act, and is enforced by the FDA in cooperation with state and local health jurisdictions. The ban was enacted because of the public health impact of turtle-associated salmonellosis. Turtles and turtle eggs found to be offered for sale in violation of this provision",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18453427",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nreproductive functions. Some dimorphism exists between males and females. Red-eared slider young look practically identical regardless of their sex, making it difficult to determine their sex. However, there is another method to determine their sex, by inspecting the markings under their carapace. These markings will fade as the turtles age. It is much easier to distinguish the sex of adults, as the shells of mature males are smaller than those of females. Male red-eared sliders reach sexual maturity when their carapaces' diameters measure and females reach maturity when their carapaces measure 15 cm. Both male and females reach sexual maturity",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1931935",
"chunk_text": "\"D'Orbigny's slider\"\nstraight or slightly concave to fit better upon females. The male's cloaca is located 2/3 the distance between the tail beginning and the shell, while the female is very close to the shell. Females produce an average of 10 eggs per buried nest; usually they bury two nests per season. Incubation ranges from 2 to 4 months. The eggs are laid under approximately of sand. The eggs are white-colored. Each egg on average measures in length and in width, weighing on average . Only 31% of the female population lays egg each year. The sex of baby turtles is determined",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12019610",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-footed tortoise\"\nand move up to 100 m/hr (109 yd/hr) when they want. While they generally forage in zig-zag or looping patterns, they sometimes move or more in fairly straight lines, often at a rapid pace. They show a marked preference for moving under medium to dense vegetation cover. All turtles and tortoises start as eggs. Red-footed tortoise eggs are roughly spherical and average around and weigh with two to seven eggs in a clutch, although the same females may lay multiple clutches near each other. The incubation period is 105–202 days, with 150 being typical. Hatchlings use an egg tooth to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17021229",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nand compliance program to stop the illegal trade, possession and release of slider turtles. Within the second volume of the \"\"Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\"\", the popular comic book heroes were revealed as specimens of the red-eared slider. The popularity of the Turtles led to a craze for keeping them as pets in Great Britain, and subsequent ecological havoc as turtles were accidentally or deliberately released into the wild. Red-eared slider The red-eared slider (\"\"Trachemys scripta elegans\"\"), also known as the red-eared terrapin, is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18453429",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nthat of the female is completely flat. The male's concave plastron also helps to stabilize the male on the female's carapace during mating. Older males can sometimes have a dark greyish-olive green melanistic coloration, with very subdued markings. The red stripe on the sides of the head may be difficult to see or be absent. The female's appearance is substantially the same throughout her life. The red-eared slider originated from the area around the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico, in warm climates in the southeastern United States. Their native areas range from the southeast of Colorado to Virginia",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18453424",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\ncarapace. The rear marginal scutes are notched. The scutes are bony keratinous elements. The carapace is oval and flattened (especially in the male) and has a weak keel that is more pronounced in the young. The color of the carapace changes depending on the age of the turtle. The carapace usually has a dark green background with light and dark, highly variable markings. In young or recently hatched turtles, it is leaf green and gets slightly darker as a turtle gets older, until it is a very dark green, and then turns a shade between brown and olive green. The",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5104153",
"chunk_text": "\"Yellow-bellied slider\"\nYellow-bellied sliders are capable of interbreeding with other \"\"T. scripta\"\" subspecies, such as red-eared sliders, which are commonly sold as pets. The release of non-native red-eared sliders into local environments caused the state of Florida to ban the sale of red-eared sliders in order to protect the native population of yellow-bellied sliders. Mating takes place in the water. Suitable terrestrial area is required for egg-laying by nesting females, who will normally lay 6–10 eggs at a time, with larger females capable of bearing more. The eggs incubate for 2–3 months and the hatchlings will usually stay with the nest through",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2190056",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nrate drops dramatically, with heart rate and cardiac output dropping by 80% to minimise energy requirements. The lactic acid produced is buffered by minerals in the shell, preventing acidosis. Red-eared sliders kept captive indoors should not brumate. Courtship and mating activities for red-eared sliders usually occur between March and July, and take place under water. During courtship, the male swims around the female and flutters or vibrates the back side of his long claws on and around her face and head, possibly to direct pheromones towards her. The female swims toward the male and, if she is receptive, sinks to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624135",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nTheir import has been banned by the European Union as well as specific EU member countries. In 2015 Japan announced it was planning to ban the import of red-eared sliders, but it would probably not take effect until 2020. Invasive red-eared sliders cause negative impacts in the ecosystems they occupy because they have certain advantages over the native populations, such as a lower age at maturity, higher fecundity rates, and larger body size, which gives them a competitive advantage at basking and nesting sites, as well as when exploiting food resources. They also transmit diseases and displace the other turtle",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6801357",
"chunk_text": "Turtle\nthem down for copulation. Red-eared sliders are an example of a fully aquatic species in which the male performs a courtship behavior. In this case the male extends his forelegs with the palms facing out and flutters his forelegs in the female's face. Female choice is important in this method, and the females of some species, such as green sea turtles, aren't always receptive. As such, they've evolved certain behaviors to avoid the male's attempts at copulation, such as swimming away, confronting the male followed by biting, or a refusal position in which the female assumes a vertical position with",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9850507",
"chunk_text": "\"Plymouth red-bellied turtle\"\nMassasoit National Wildlife Refuge was established to help conserve the Plymouth red-bellied turtle. This turtle gets its name from its reddish plastron or undershell. They have flattened or slightly concave vertebral scutes with a red bar on each marginal scute. Their upper shell or carapace ranges from brown to black. An arrow-shaped stripe runs atop head, between the eyes, to their snout. Adults are . Males have elongated, straight claws on the front feet. It lives in the Plymouth Pinelands of the Massachusetts and spends most of its time in freshwater ponds. In spring and summer, the females nest in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5695456",
"chunk_text": "\"Plymouth red-bellied turtle\"\nsand while the males look for food. Females lay 5–17 eggs at a time. The incubation of the eggs takes 73 to 80 days, and the eggs hatch at around . Hatchlings are about long. Eggs and young turtles are prey to skunks, raccoons, birds, and fish. Their natural lifespan is 40 to 45 years. The population had been reduced to 200–300 turtles by the 1980s. By 2007, there were estimated to be 400–600 breeding age turtles across 20 ponds. This is due to overhunting by its natural predator the skunk and pollution from herbicides dumped into streams and ponds.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2190066",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nrules of cleanliness. Small children must be taught to wash their hands immediately after they finish playing with the turtle, feeding it, or changing its water. Some states have other laws and regulations regarding possession of red-eared sliders because they can be an invasive species where they are not native and have been introduced through the pet trade. Now, it is illegal in Florida to sell any wild-type red-eared slider, as they interbreed with the local yellow-bellied slider population — \"\"Trachemys scripta scripta\"\" is another subspecies of pond sliders, and hybrids typically combine the markings of the two subspecies. However,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2190057",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nthe bottom for mating. If the female is not receptive, she may become aggressive towards the male. Courtship can last 45 minutes, but mating takes only 10 minutes. On occasion, a male may appear to be courting another male, and when kept in captivity may also show this behaviour towards other household pets. Between male turtles, it could be a sign of dominance and may preclude a fight. Young turtles may carry out the courtship dance before they reach sexual maturity at five years of age, but they are unable to mate. After mating, the female spends extra time basking",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624131",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nat five to six years. The male is normally smaller than the female, although this parameter is sometimes difficult to apply as individuals being compared could be of different ages. Males have longer claws on their front feet than the females; this helps them to hold on to a female during mating and is used during courtship displays. The male's tail is thicker and longer. Typically, the cloacal opening of the female is at or under the rear edge of the carapace, while the male's opening occurs beyond the edge of the carapace. The male's plastron is slightly concave, while",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9273600",
"chunk_text": "\"Nicaraguan slider\"\n35 degrees Celsius). In the wild, the juvenile Nicaraguan slider eats the following: tadpoles, crustaceans, fish, insects and insect larvae. The nesting season of \"\"T. emolli\"\" ranges from about the month of December to May. Females are can lay several clutches per season with up to thirty-five eggs per clutch. The hatchlings emerge about 69 to 123 days after the eggs have been deposited. Nicaraguan slider The Nicaraguan slider (\"\"Trachemys emolli\"\" ) is a species of turtle in the family Emydidae. The species is endemic to Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Formerly it was considered a subspecies of \"\"Trachemys scripta\"\", but",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18453425",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nplastron is always a light yellow with dark, paired, irregular markings in the centre of most scutes. The plastron is highly variable in pattern. The head, legs, and tail are green with fine, irregular, yellow lines. The whole shell is covered in these stripes and markings that aid in camouflaging an individual. Turtles also have a complete skeletal system, with partially webbed feet that help them to swim and that can be withdrawn inside the carapace along with the head and tail. The red stripe on each side of the head distinguishes the red-eared slider from all other North American",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17021201",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\noutcompetes native species. The red-eared slider is included in the list of the world's 100 most invasive species published by the IUCN. The red-eared slider get its name from the small red stripe around its ears and from its ability to slide quickly off rocks and logs into the water. This species was previously known as Troost's turtle in honor of an American herpetologist Gerard Troost. \"\"Trachemys scripta troostii\"\" is now the scientific name for another subspecies, the Cumberland slider. The red-eared slider belongs to the order Testudines which contains about 250 turtle species. It is a subspecies of \"\"Trachemys",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18453426",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nspecies and gives this species its name, as the stripe is located behind the eyes where their (external) ears would be. These stripes may lose their color over time. Some individuals can also have a small mark of the same color on the top of their heads. The red-eared slider does not have a visible outer ear or an external auditory canal; instead, it relies on a middle ear entirely covered by a cartilaginous tympanic disc. The main internal organs of these reptiles are the lungs, heart, stomach, liver, intestines, and the urinary bladder. A cloaca serves both excretory and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17021202",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nscripta\"\". It was previously classified under the name \"\"Chrysemys scripta elegans\"\". The species \"\"Trachemys scripta\"\" contains three subspecies: \"\"T. s. elegans\"\" (red-eared slider), \"\"T. s. scripta\"\" (yellow-bellied slider), and \"\"T. s. troostii\"\" (Cumberland slider). The carapace of this species can reach more than in length, but the average length ranges from . The females of the species are usually larger than the males. They typically live between 20 and 30 years, although some individuals have lived for more than 40 years. Their life expectancy is shorter when they are kept in captivity. The quality of their living environment has a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9053021",
"chunk_text": "\"Spiny softshell turtle\"\nwith his claws (unlike other turtles). A few months later, the female turtle quickly lays her eggs along a sunny sandbar or gravel bank in a flask-shaped cavity she has dug close to the water. The turtle nests more than once during a single season. She can lay between 9 and 38 round, calcareous-shelled eggs. The eggs are laid around August and September, and they hatch in the spring. Unlike in other turtles, in the spiny softshell turtle, the sex of the hatchlings is not determined by temperature variations; it is determined by genetics. The nesting sites are at risk",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12777584",
"chunk_text": "\"Radiated tortoise\"\ngrunting by the male during mating is common. This is a very dangerous procedure and cases have been recorded where the female's shell has cracked and pierced the vaginal and anal cavities. Females lay from three to 12 eggs in a previously excavated hole 6-8 in (15–20 cm) deep, and then depart. Incubation is quite long in this species, lasting usually between 5 and 8 months. Juveniles are between 1.2 and 1.6 inches (3.2 and 4 cm) upon hatching. Unlike the yellow coloration of the adults, the juveniles are a white to an off-white shade. Juveniles attain the high-domed carapace",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2000435",
"chunk_text": "\"Jamaican slider\"\nfound on the islands of Eleuthera, Andros Island, Exumas and New Providence. However, the population on New Providence (and nearby Paradise Island) and Exuma is a hybrid between the red-eared slider \"\"Trachemys scripta elegans\"\" and the Inagua Slider \"\"T. stejnegeri malonei\"\" from Great Inagua. Breeding season in Jamaican stocks can run from February to September. The Bahamian stocks may have a more limited or reduced breeding season due to the limited availability of freshwater. Clutch size has been observed from both countries to be 3-8 eggs and the turtles can lay 3-4 clutches per year. The last clutch is always",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16212642",
"chunk_text": "\"Northern red-bellied cooter\"\nService as well as the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. The potential threats to red-bellied turtle populations are numerous. For example: wetland loss, habitat fragmentation, pollution, collecting of turtles for pets, food or other trophies, competition with the invasive red-eared slider turtle for food, habitat, basking sites or nesting sites, and the potential for hybridization with red-eared slider turtles. The Massachusetts wildlife preserve foundation has started to repopulate the turtles by placing them in many south-eastern Massachusetts ponds. One example is at Long and Little Long Pond in Plymouth, Massachusetts, where the population is starting to regrow. Northern red-bellied",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5104151",
"chunk_text": "\"Yellow-bellied slider\"\nYellow-bellied slider The yellow-bellied slider (\"\"Trachemys scripta scripta\"\") is a land and water turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. This subspecies of pond slider is native to the southeastern United States, specifically from Florida to southeastern Virginia, and is the most common turtle species in its range. It is found in a wide variety of habitats, including slow-moving rivers, floodplain swamps, marshes, seasonal wetlands, and permanent ponds. Yellow-bellied sliders are popular as pets. Adult male yellow-bellied sliders typically reach in length; females range from . The carapace (upper shell) is typically brown and black, often with yellow stripes. The skin",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1636869",
"chunk_text": "\"Painted turtle\"\nclutch—11.9 and 7.6, respectively—than the two more southerly subspecies, southern (4.2) and eastern (4.9). Within subspecies, also, the more northerly females lay larger clutches. Incubation lasts 72–80 days in the wild and for a similar period in artificial conditions. In August and September, the young turtle breaks out from its egg, using a special projection of its jaw called the egg tooth. Not all offspring leave the nest immediately, though. Hatchlings north of a line from Nebraska to northern Illinois to New Jersey typically arrange themselves symmetrically in the nest and overwinter to emerge the following spring. The hatchling's ability",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3353346",
"chunk_text": "\"Twist-necked turtle\"\nproceed to rub their chin barbels (fleshy filament) against the top of females’ heads. Some authors also report violent biting and water expulsion from the males' nostrils during copulation. Coupling has been observed on land and in water, and usually occurs late in the afternoon or at night. Oviposition occurs during the dry season (late December to early March) when the female deposits a large, oval egg (around 5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide). Many herpetologists report females depositing another egg a few weeks later while some recreational collectors report multiple eggs at a time. Shallow indentations are made",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7468317",
"chunk_text": "\"Spiny turtle\"\nknown of nesting behaviour in the wild. One, two, or rarely three eggs are laid per clutch; in captivity, laying usually occurs in the night or early morning. Females produce up to three clutches per year. A plastron hinge develops to ease laying. It has been bred in captivity several times; in three cases the incubation time was 106, 110, and 145 days. Spiny turtle The spiny turtle (\"\"Heosemys spinosa\"\") inhabits lowland and hill rainforest, usually in the vicinity of small streams, mainly in hill areas up to 900 m above sea level. The origin of its common and specific",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7607661",
"chunk_text": "\"Pond slider\"\nsliders are native to the south-central and southeastern United States and northern Mexico. Has been listed as one of the \"\"Top 100\"\" Worlds Worst Invaders. These turtles often fight with native species for food, habitats, and other resources. Eventually they bully many native species out of basking sites. Basking being areas where there is sunlight and warmth for the species. When basking it is common that pond sliders will bask on birds nests, therefore killing the eggs. They also prey on young birds. Turtles that were raised in captivity can develop diseases that are unfamiliar to native species, which can",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "624145",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\ntheir relatively low price, small size and easy maintenance. As with other turtles, tortoises, and box turtles, individuals that survive their first year or two can be expected to live generally around 30 years. But they are an infection risk, and when they mature they can inflict painful bites, which results in many being dumped into the wild with negative ecological, social and economic impacts. Reptiles are asymptomatic (meaning they suffer no adverse side effects) carriers of bacteria of the genus \"\"Salmonella\"\". This has given rise to justifiable concerns given the many instances of infection of humans caused by the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9407432",
"chunk_text": "\"Cumberland slider\"\nmale and female go through a mating ritual in which the male \"\"claws\"\" at the female's face and his forelegs stiffen. The female then allows the male to mount. The females may go extremely far from the water to nest and are occasionally hit by cars while crossing roads. Females construct a nest, usually at night, in various soil types. Clutch size is 6-15 eggs with 71 percent of the females producing two clutches per year. \"\"T. s. troostii\"\" is mostly herbivorous as an adult, but primarily carnivorous as a juvenile. The adults eat algae, fish, tadpoles, crayfish, seeds, plants,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8487466",
"chunk_text": "\"Leatherback sea turtle\"\nsurface and walk to the sea. Leatherback nesting seasons vary by location; it occurs from February to July in Parismina, Costa Rica. Farther east in French Guiana, nesting is from March to August. Atlantic leatherbacks nest between February and July from South Carolina in the United States to the United States Virgin Islands in the Caribbean and to Suriname and Guyana. People around the world still harvest sea turtle eggs. Asian exploitation of turtle nests has been cited as the most significant factor for the species' global population decline. In Southeast Asia, egg harvesting in countries such as Thailand and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20293047",
"chunk_text": "\"Eastern mud turtle\"\nof foods, including snails, insects, fish, various worms, and dark leafy greens. Mating occurs in \"\"K. subrubrum\"\" during early spring followed by egg laying in May to early June. Clutch sizes vary from 2 to 5. Raccoons are known to eat this species' eggs, while herons and alligators often hunt the adults. This species is also exploited by the pet trade. Eastern mud turtles are found in the US states of Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. In Indiana, the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2880462",
"chunk_text": "\"Chicken turtle\"\nearly spring (February to may) and fall to early winter (August to November). Females excavate cylindrical nest on land in a variety of soil types, from sandy to heavy soils. Females lay 2 to 19 clutches of eggs. Chicken turtle embryos go through a period of diapause in the late gastrula stage. They must experience a period of cool temperatures before development proceeds. Eggs hatch in 152 days at 29 Celsius, some eggs may overwinter in the nest before hatching. temperature influences the sex of the embryos, with a 25 degrees Celsius incubation temperature resulting in all males. Warmer temperatures",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2190069",
"chunk_text": "\"Red-eared slider\"\nhealth costs due to the impacts of turtle-associated salmonella on human health. Outbreaks in multiple states and fatalities in children, associated with handling salmonella-infected turtles, have been recorded in the USA. Salmonella can also spread to humans when turtles contaminate drinking water. There have been varying degrees of action by state governments to date, ranging from ongoing eradication efforts by the Queensland government to very little action by the government of New South Wales. Experts have ranked the species as high priority for management in Australia and are calling for a national prevention and eradication strategy, including a concerted education",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3762533",
"chunk_text": "\"Red turtle dove\"\nRed turtle dove The red turtle dove (\"\"Streptopelia tranquebarica\"\"), also known as the red collared dove, is a small pigeon which is a resident breeding bird in the tropics of Asia. The male has a bluish head and light red-brown body with a black ring round its neck while the female is similar but is pinkish all over. This dove is essentially a plains species, extending to Taiwan and the Philippines but uncommon on the Malaysian archipelago, avoiding rocky foothill and an oriential species. There is however a summer migration into the broader cultivated valleys of Afghania where it breeds.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_3604
|
when is the new season of wentworth coming out?
|
n/a
|
[
"19 June 2018"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405630",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\naired. In a similar manner, a 12-episode fourth season was announced before the airing of the third season on 27 February 2015. It began airing from 10 May 2016. Cormack confirmed a fifth season had been commissioned on 19 July. The twelve-part series premiered on 4 April 2017. On 9 May 2017, Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth-season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019. On 5 December 2018, it was",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15479211",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (season 6)\"\nour local production slate. There is so much yet to unfold with season five premiering now in Australia on Foxtel before any details should be revealed about the sixth season. My lips are sealed other than to say Marcia Gardner and the writers continue to excel in setting up intriguing story arcs and finely crafted scripts for the wonderfully talented \"\"Wentworth\"\" cast to bring to life.\"\" Wentworth (season 6) The sixth season of television drama series \"\"Wentworth\"\" premiered on Showcase in Australia on 19 June 2018 and concluded on 4 September 2018. It is executive produced by FremantleMedia's Director of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15479209",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (season 6)\"\nWentworth (season 6) The sixth season of television drama series \"\"Wentworth\"\" premiered on Showcase in Australia on 19 June 2018 and concluded on 4 September 2018. It is executive produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprised 12 episodes. The sixth season picks up just days after the escape of Franky Doyle and Joan Ferguson. This season introduced three new characters portrayed by Leah Purcell, Susie Porter and Rarriwuy Hick. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On 9 May 2017, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed Wentworth for a sixth season, set to air in 2018. FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405639",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\n2014 and season Three, which commenced broadcast on 22 July 2015, concluded with a two-hour season finale which consisted of episodes 11 and 12 of the season on 30 September 2015. Season four of \"\"Wentworth\"\" premiered on Channel 5 on 27 June 2016. In July, following declining ratings, the series was moved from its Monday night timeslot on Channel 5 to Tuesday's on sister channel 5Star. Season 5 premiered on 5Star on 23 May 2017. Season 6 of \"\"Wentworth\"\" premiered on 5Star on 23 June 2018, just four days following the Australian premiere; however, the series has been moved to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405641",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\nin terms of recouping money to help pay for future seasons\"\". ABC 1 started broadcasting Wentworth from season 1 in April 2018. In December 2014, \"\"Wentworth\"\" first premiered on Netflix in the United States and added seasons one and two to its streaming service. In April 2016 the third season was released to US audiences via the platform. Season 4 was released on Netflix in July 2016. The show features on the “50 Best TV Shows on Netflix” list according to Netflix Life. Seasons one to three are available to view via Amazon Video in the U.S. In the United",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405625",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\na more ensemble format. For the first three seasons, \"\"Wentworth\"\" was filmed on purpose-built sets in the suburbs of Clayton, Victoria. Production moved to Newport, Victoria, starting with the fourth season. The show has received a mostly positive reception from critics, and the first episode became the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history. The series was picked up by several countries, including New Zealand and the UK, where it has been retitled \"\"Wentworth Prison\"\". A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth-season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9605550",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (season 5)\"\nWentworth (season 5) The fifth season of the television drama series \"\"Wentworth\"\" premiered on Showcase in Australia on 4 April 2017, having previously aired on SoHo, and concluded on June 20, 2017. It was executive produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprised 12 episodes. The fifth season picks up just days after the death of Bea Smith and is therefore noted as the first season not to feature Danielle Cormack. Following Bea Smith’s tragic death at the hands of Joan Ferguson, emotional, psychological and professional shockwaves pound the inmates and staff of Wentworth Correctional Centre. Governor",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405626",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\n2019. In December 2018, it was confirmed that a further 20 episodes had been commissioned, with production beginning in September 2019, and the episodes set to be broadcast through 2020 and 2021. \"\"Wentworth\"\" is set in modern-day Australia and focuses on Bea Smith (Danielle Cormack) when she first enters prison after being charged with the attempted murder of her husband. Bea is separated from her daughter and sent to Wentworth on remand, where she lives in \"\"an uncertain limbo\"\" until she is sentenced. Starting at the bottom of Wentworth's hierarchy, Bea is forced to learn how to survive in prison.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9605554",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (season 5)\"\nvery easy decision to commission a further season of this brilliantly constructed and crafted program from our production partner FremantleMedia. There is a lot in store both for the women behind bars and those on the outside.\"\" AACTA Awards Australian Directors Guild Logie Awards The fifth season of \"\"Wentworth\"\" is available on both DVD and Blu-ray formats in Australia, and DVD-only format in the United Kingdom. It is not yet available in the United States or Germany. Wentworth (season 5) The fifth season of the television drama series \"\"Wentworth\"\" premiered on Showcase in Australia on 4 April 2017, having previously",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2959760",
"chunk_text": "\"Prisoner (TV series)\"\nseries, but on 29 November 2012 it was confirmed that Anne Charleston (who appeared in the original series) would make a guest appearance. \"\"Wentworth\"\" premiered in Australia on Foxtel's SoHo channel on 1 May 2013. As of 2018, the series is still in production, with a sixth season premiering on 19 June 2018, while a seventh season has been announced and due to air in 2019. In 1980 \"\"Saturday Night Live\"\" aired a parody of the series, \"\"Debs Behind Bars\"\". In the sketch, the inmates (including guest host Teri Garr) are spoiled debutantes who complain about \"\"icky\"\" living conditions in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405637",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\nset would be written into future storylines. The third season began airing on 7 April 2015. Production on the fourth season began in the second half of 2015. The fifth season was filmed in Melbourne from August 2016. On 9 May 2017, Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season, which began filming a week later. \"\"Wentworth\"\" has been sold to more than 90 countries. On 2 April 2013, it was confirmed that TVNZ had signed a deal to broadcast \"\"Wentworth\"\" in New Zealand. Later that month, it was announced that \"\"Wentworth\"\" would be broadcast on",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3562601",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth Miller\"\nto wrists, the special effects for the tattoo took over four hours to apply. His performance in the show earned him a 2005 Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series. The show was finished in 2009 after four seasons, but a new nine-episode fifth season was released April 4, 2017, with Miller reprising his role. Miller appeared in two Mariah Carey music videos, \"\"It's Like That\"\" as a party guest and \"\"We Belong Together\"\" as her love interest. Director Brett Ratner, who directed the pilot episode of \"\"Prison Break\"\", was also signed on to direct the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11734563",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (season 5)\"\nOn 21 July 2016, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed \"\"Wentworth\"\" for a fifth season, set to air in 2017. Jo Porter, the Director of Drama at FremantleMedia stated, \"\"As season four comes to a close, the audience has witnessed a dangerous shift in the power base at \"\"Wentworth\"\" which is building to an unmissable conclusion next week. \"\"Wentworth\"\" has built a reputation for delivering a world with unexpected twists and turns where no character is safe. The season’s end provides a chilling platform for our script producer Marcia Gardner and the writing team to shape the next chapter",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8578524",
"chunk_text": "\"Survivor (U.S. TV series)\"\nSeries of All Time\"\". On April 18, 2018, CBS renewed the series for a 37th and 38th season. The 37th season, \"\"\"\", premiered on September 26, 2018. On November 27, 2018, it was announced that season 38, \"\"Edge of Extinction\"\", would premiere on February 20, 2019. The first U.S. season of \"\"Survivor\"\" followed the same general format as the Swedish series. Sixteen or more players, split between two or more \"\"tribes\"\", are taken to a remote isolated location (usually in a tropical climate) and are forced to live off the land with meager supplies for 39 days (42 in \"\"\"\").",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405640",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\nSaturday nights at 10:00 pm. The series premiered in the Republic of Ireland broadcasting as \"\"Wentworth\"\" on TV3 from June 2014. Season 2 premiered on TV3 on 15 January 2015. In Canada the first two seasons broadcast on Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in late 2015. Although the series has a strong fan base in many countries, Angela Perez of Australia Network News said, in 2016, that Foxtel was considering cancelling the show [after the then current fourth season] due to audiences viewing new episodes via pirate websites following the Australian premiere. Foxtel stated that the piracy is \"\"a serious problem",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405629",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\nat how they might incorporate the \"\"Prisoner\"\" theme tune, \"\"On The Inside\"\", into the new series. On 5 June 2013, it was confirmed that \"\"Wentworth\"\" had been renewed for a second season. A reporter for the Australian Associated Press said production would begin later in the year, and the season would air in 2014. Porter stated: \"\"We have assembled an extraordinary team of writers who can't wait to get started on series two. We have so many more stories to tell.\"\" In January 2014, it was announced that a third season of \"\"Wentworth\"\" had been ordered, before the second had",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12607617",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (season 4)\"\nin Australia, and on DVD-only format in the United Kingdom, and for the first time, it had only received a DVD release in Germany. It is not yet available in North America. Wentworth (season 4) The fourth season of the television drama series \"\"Wentworth\"\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 10 May 2016. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season four picks up four months after the fire at Wentworth. Four months after the fire at Wentworth, Bea and the other inmates have been housed offsite while they wait for",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16848374",
"chunk_text": "\"House of Cards (season 6)\"\n#MyTurn. On August 7, Netflix announced that the season would be released on November 2, 2018, and unveiled key art. The poster pays homage to the promotional image for the first season of the series, as Wright strikes the Lincoln Memorial pose, like Kevin Spacey had done before her. On August 27, four images were published via a press release, which depict new cast members Diane Lane, Greg Kinnear and Cody Fern in their roles as members of the Shepherd family. A teaser trailer released on September 5, revealed the fate of Frank Underwood, portrayed by Spacey who was fired",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16848366",
"chunk_text": "\"House of Cards (season 6)\"\nHouse of Cards (season 6) The sixth and final season of the American political drama web television series \"\"House of Cards\"\" was confirmed by Netflix on December 4, 2017, and was released on November 2, 2018. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of thirteen episodes each, the sixth season consists of only eight. The season does not include former lead actor Kevin Spacey, who was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations. On October 11, 2017, \"\"The Baltimore Sun\"\" reported that \"\"House of Cards\"\" had been renewed for a sixth season and that filming would begin by the end",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4166640",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (season 3)\"\nwhich enthralled our Australian audience and achieved such great international recognition. Since October, the cast and the production team, led by producer Amanda Crittenden, have been back on-location delivering on the promise of season two's gripping scripts and the story lines for season three are sensational.\"\" A third season was confirmed on 29 January 2014. A five-month production commenced in the purpose-built set in March 2014. The final table read for season three took place on 8 July 2014. Filming for the third season began in March 2014 and concluded in July 2014. Former \"\"All Saints\"\" stars Pia Miranda, Libby",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6859410",
"chunk_text": "\"Lethal Weapon (TV series)\"\nco-lead ahead of a third season renewal and will be playing a new character named Wesley Cole. However, in October 2018, Damon Wayans also announced his exit from the series as he will leave following the end of production for the third season in December 2018. In United Kingdom, ITV started airing the series beginning on March 3, 2017. Its viewing figures remained consistent with around 2.5 million tuning in each week. Series 2 started January 12, 2018. In Australia, the Nine Network premiered the series on January 29, 2017. In the Philippines, it premiered on June 10, 2017 on",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405638",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\nChannel 5 in the UK. The head of acquisitions for the channel, Kate Keenan, commented \"\"\"\"Wentworth\"\" will be a great addition to Channel 5's drama output this autumn. This compelling cast of female characters packs an emotional punch and will appeal to the Channel 5 viewers who love our range of crime output from dramas to factual series.\"\" A trailer for the series began airing on the channel and its website in August 2013 and premiered on Channel 5 on 28 August. Channel 5 also re-titled the show, \"\"Wentworth Prison\"\". The second season began on Channel 5 on 3 September",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3393213",
"chunk_text": "\"Surreal World\"\nfinal season of both \"\"Nowhere Boys\"\" and \"\"A Place To Call Home\"\", and the feature film \"\"Ride Like A Girl\"\" set for release in 2019. Selected Credits - Feature Film and TV Ride Like A Girl (2018) Wentworth - Series 7 (2018) A Place To Call Home - Series 6 (2018) Nowhere Boys - Series 4 (2018) Homecoming Queens (2018) Wentworth - Series 6 (2017) A Place To Call Home - Series 5 (2017) Home And Away (2017) Nowhere Boys - Series 3 (2017) Home And Away (2016) A Place To Call Home - Series 4 (2016) Barracuda (2016) Wentworth",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11945719",
"chunk_text": "\"Griffin Newman\"\nseason were released on August 25, 2017. The remaining six episodes of the first season were released on February 23, 2018. On January 17, 2018, Amazon ordered a second season of 10 episodes, expected to premiere in 2019. Newman has received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Everest. Newman has a small role in Woody Allen’s film \"\"A Rainy Day In New York\"\", set for release in 2018. In October 2017, Newman made a statement via his Twitter expressing his regret at taking the role in the film, due to the allegations of sexual misconduct against Allen. He announced he",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405631",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\nconfirmed that a further 20 episodes had been commissioned, with production beginning in September 2019, and the episodes set to be broadcast through 2020 and 2021. On 4 October 2012, a reporter for \"\"The West Australian\"\" revealed that Celia Ireland and Kate Atkinson had joined the cast of \"\"Wentworth\"\", while Shareena Clanton would make her acting debut as Doreen Anderson. Danielle Cormack was cast in the role of Beatrice \"\"Queen Bea\"\" Smith and she stated \"\"I am absolutely rapt to be part of the reboot of such an iconic drama. \"\"Prisoner\"\" left an indelible mark on fans and I really",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405647",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\nrecipients respectively, while the show has won the award for Most Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 and 2018, and again for Most Popular Drama Program in 2018. The shows has also received nominations and wins from the AACTA Awards, the ASTRA Awards, Australian Directors Guild Awards, and Australian Writers Guild Awards, while additional nominations have come from the Australian Screen Editors and the Equity Awards. In Australia, \"\"Wentworth\"\" is available on both DVD and Blu-ray formats, where in 2013 the first season was released via Shock Records. The series was however acquired by Roadshow Entertainment in 2014 for distribution of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17662447",
"chunk_text": "\"House of Cards (U.S. TV series)\"\nfor Best Actor – Television Series Drama in 2015. On October 30, 2017, Netflix announced that the sixth season would be the final season, following sexual misconduct allegations against Spacey. On November 3, 2017, Netflix announced that Spacey had been fired from the show. On December 4, 2017, Netflix announced that an eight-episode sixth and final season would start production in early 2018 without Spacey's involvement. It was released on November 2, 2018. Frank Underwood, a power-hungry Democratic congressman from South Carolina and House majority whip, celebrates the election of President Garrett Walker, whose campaign he aided to get himself",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14040313",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\nin Australia and on DVD in the United Kingdom. The Seasons 1−6 set in Australia will only be available on DVD format. In the United States, the series commenced releasing on DVD in 2016 in which the first three seasons are currently available from Acorn Media. As of yet, there is no news as to whether Acorn Media will release subsequent seasons. DVD and Blu-ray sets commenced releasing in Germany from early 2017. From Season 4 onwards, the series will only receive DVD sets in Germany. Wentworth (TV series) Wentworth is an Australian television drama programme. It was first broadcast",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16848382",
"chunk_text": "\"House of Cards (season 6)\"\nworst for last\"\". House of Cards (season 6) The sixth and final season of the American political drama web television series \"\"House of Cards\"\" was confirmed by Netflix on December 4, 2017, and was released on November 2, 2018. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of thirteen episodes each, the sixth season consists of only eight. The season does not include former lead actor Kevin Spacey, who was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations. On October 11, 2017, \"\"The Baltimore Sun\"\" reported that \"\"House of Cards\"\" had been renewed for a sixth season and that filming would begin",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5726768",
"chunk_text": "\"The Romanoffs\"\nBryant and Wendy Chuck, production designers Henry Dunn and Christopher Brown, and hair and make-up designers Theraesa Rivers and Lana Horochowski. The casting team includes Carrie Audino, Laura Schiff, and Kendra Clark. On October 11, 2017, following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, Amazon announced that they were \"\"reviewing their options\"\" in regards to their relationship with The Weinstein Company. They subsequently decided to sever all ties with the production company. On July 28, 2018, Amazon announced during the Television Critics Association's annual summer press tour that the series would premiere on October 12, 2018. From August",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12607612",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (season 4)\"\nWentworth (season 4) The fourth season of the television drama series \"\"Wentworth\"\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 10 May 2016. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season four picks up four months after the fire at Wentworth. Four months after the fire at Wentworth, Bea and the other inmates have been housed offsite while they wait for construction to be completed. Season four will see Bea battle two formidable enemies. There is Kaz, made so dangerous by her extremist feminist ideology, who regards Bea as the great betrayer to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15216723",
"chunk_text": "\"Prison Break\"\nBlu-ray July 21, 2009. A nine-episode fifth season was announced by Fox in January 2016. The revival series, dubbed \"\"\"\", premiered on April 4, 2017, and aired on Tuesdays at 9:00 pm. The season concluded on May 30, 2017. On December 12, 2017, Dominic Purcell announced via Instagram that season 6 is \"\"in the works.\"\" Then on January 4, 2018, Fox officially confirmed that season 6 is in early development. The first season follows the rescue of Lincoln Burrows, who is accused of murdering Terrence Steadman, the brother of Vice President of the United States, Caroline Reynolds. Lincoln is sentenced",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3956451",
"chunk_text": "\"Nicole da Silva\"\nagain returned to \"\"Wentworth\"\" for the fifth season, when Franky is wrongly imprisoned for murder and attempts to prove her innocence. The first three episodes of the sixth season concludes her story. Da Silva left the series in 2018. She is currently appearing in the Nine Network medical drama series \"\"Doctor Doctor\"\" (internationally re-titled \"\"The Heart Guy\"\") as Charlie Knight. She was cast in the role in 2016, while she was still filming \"\"Wentworth\"\", and has appeared in the first two seasons, and will continue the role into the third season, which is set for broadcast in 2018. In February",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11405636",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (TV series)\"\n10 October 2012. \"\"Wentworth\"\" began airing on Foxtel's SoHo channel from 1 May 2013. Filming for the second season began on 23 September 2013 and wrapped on 13 February 2014. The second season began airing on 20 May 2014. Production for the third season resumed in March and filming was completed in late July. In the same month, it was announced that the property in which \"\"Wentworth\"\" was filmed had been sold, and the set would be knocked down. A new alternative was being sought and a \"\"TV Week\"\" reporter commented that it was unclear if the loss of the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19576757",
"chunk_text": "\"Murphy Brown (season 11)\"\nwas released. On May 16, 2018, the first trailer for the series was released. On August 5, 2018, a promo for the season was released featuring the cast going through the table read of the season premiere. On August 23, 2018, another promo for the series was released featuring Brown and Fontana mocking President Donald Trump. In Canada, the season premiered on September 27, 2018, on CityTV. The season has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds an approval rating of 43% with an average rating",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2391297",
"chunk_text": "\"Franky Doyle (Wentworth)\"\nthe sixth season episode \"\"Bleed Out\"\", which aired on 3 July 2018. Franky Doyle is serving a 7-year sentence at Wentworth for assaulting the TV presenter of a cooking reality show with a pan of hot oil after he criticised her food. Franky was neglected and abused in childhood. Franky has risen to Top Dog of Wentworth at the start of Episode 1. The \"\"return\"\" of Jacs Holt threatens this however, as Jacs and Franky are involved in a rivalry for the top dog position We first meet Franky when Bea Smith arrives and is shown to her cell. Franky",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11907568",
"chunk_text": "\"Designated Survivor (TV series)\"\nstraight to series on December 14, 2015, followed by a formal announcement on May 6, 2016. The first episode premiered on September 21, 2016, with a full season order coming eight days later. The series was renewed for a second season on May 11, 2017, which premiered on September 27, 2017. On May 11, 2018, ABC canceled the series. However, on September 5, 2018, Netflix and Entertainment One (which both held the international distribution rights to \"\"Designated Survivor\"\") picked the series up for a third season of 10 episodes, to be released in 2019 with production being solely handled by",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11720793",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (season 3)\"\nTanner and Tammy Macintosh joined the cast as inmate Jodie Spiteri, psychologist Bridget Westfall and vigilante Karen Proctor, respectively. AACTA Awards (2015) Australian Writers' Guild Awards (2015 & 2016) Logie Awards (2016) The third season of \"\"Wentworth\"\" is available on both DVD and Blu-ray formats in Australia and Germany, and on DVD-only format in the United Kingdom and the United States. Wentworth (season 3) The third season of the television drama series \"\"Wentworth\"\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 7 April 2015. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season three",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8332948",
"chunk_text": "\"Deception (2018 TV series)\"\nrevealed that Laila Robins had been cast as special agent Deakins. Production on the pilot began in March 2017, with filming taking place in New York City. Filming for the rest of the season began in September 2017, and ended in February 2018. The series is composed by Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume. On May 11, 2018, ABC cancelled the show after one season. \"\"Deception\"\" began airing on March 11, 2018, on ABC in the United States, and on CTV in Canada. The pilot was screened on July 19, 2017 at San Diego Comic-Con International. On October 8, 2017, members",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7344541",
"chunk_text": "\"How to Get Away with Murder\"\nfor a fourth season on February 10, 2017, by ABC. The series was renewed for a fifth season on May 11, 2018, by ABC, which premiered on September 27, 2018. In an interview with \"\"Entertainment Weekly\"\", showrunner Peter Nowalk talked about what will happen in the third season regarding Frank's disappearance; he commented: \"\"Yes, I can see the three-piece suits and the hair product all falling apart. It’s more what Frank feels about himself\"\". When talking about the trust between Annalise and Frank, Nowalk said: \"\"...Frank has two choices: To run away and hope she never catches him, just to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16540911",
"chunk_text": "\"Kate Jenkinson\"\nand guest roles on \"\"Rush\"\", \"\"Satisfaction\"\", \"\"\"\"Tangle\"\"\"\", and \"\"\"\"Whatever Happened to That Guy\"\"\"\". In 2013, she joined the cast of fellow Australian Rebel Wilson's TV series \"\"Super Fun Night\"\". In 2015, she played Carol, the daughter of the title character in Shaun Micallef's sitcom \"\"The Ex-PM\"\". In 2015, Jenkinson joined the cast of \"\"Wentworth\"\" as prison inmate Allie Novak and has just completed filming Season 5, which is due to air in April 2017 in Australia. Season 6 was confirmed in May 2017 and filming began a few weeks later, with Jenkinson confirmed to be back on set for season",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16458849",
"chunk_text": "\"Cash Cab (U.S. game show)\"\nworking on episodes that will feature \"\"appearances from notables in comedy, film, and TV\"\". On June 5, 2017, original host Ben Bailey confirmed he would return for a new season. Season 8, which also aired on Discovery, premiered on December 4, 2017. On May 14, 2018, Discovery announced that Season 9 would be returning in July 2018. Season 9 premiered on July 27, 2018 with a special Shark Week episode to coincide with the 30th Anniversary of Shark Week. When the potential contestants enter the cab and state their destination, they are made aware that they are in the Cash",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20850690",
"chunk_text": "\"Wentworth (season 2)\"\nAustralia and Germany, and on DVD-only format in the United Kingdom and United States. Wentworth (season 2) The second season of the crime drama television series \"\"Wentworth\"\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on May 20, 2014. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's director of drama Jo Porter. The season consisted of 12 episodes. The second season picks up three months after Bea Smith murdered Jacs Holt. While Bea was suffering in the slot, Franky Doyle rose to the position of top dog unopposed. However, the introduction of a new governor, Joan Ferguson is about to shake everything up. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> \"\"Wentworth\"\"",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11409124",
"chunk_text": "\"Survivor NZ\"\nopened on September 3, 2017. Once the applications had closed, filming began in January 2018. This premiere for this season was released on April 22nd, 2018. Survivor NZ Survivor NZ is a New Zealand reality game show based on the international \"\"Survivor\"\" format. The series premiered on 7 May 2017 on the TVNZ 2, which also holds the broadcast rights to \"\"Australian Survivor\"\". The show was renewed for a filmed in early 2018 and released on April 22nd. Following the basic premise of other international versions of the format, it features a group of contestants who are marooned in an",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17498205",
"chunk_text": "\"Wynonna Earp (TV series)\"\nseason was released on April 1, 2017, and the trailer released officially by IGN on May 19, 2017. Syfy released the poster for the season on May 24, 2017. Season 2 premiered on June 9, 2017, on Syfy and Space. Filming of Season 3 began January 15, 2018, and wrapped on May 7, 2018. On February 5, 2018, the series announced the casting of Megan Follows in the role of Michelle Earp, the mother of Wynonna Earp. In March 2018, Syfy and Space announced that Zoie Palmer had joined the series as a guest star in the role of Jolene;",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19770553",
"chunk_text": "\"Ali Wentworth\"\nYahoo! Shine. As of 2016, Wentworth created and stars in \"\"Nightcap\"\" as the lead character Staci Cole. Wentworth appeared on the July 23, 2017 episode (S2 E07) of the \"\"$100,000 Pyramid\"\" (\"\"The $100,000 Pyramid\"\") as a celebrity guest opposite Kathy Najimy, helping her contestant partner win the $150,000 grand prize. Wentworth is married to George Stephanopoulos, ABC News Chief Anchor correspondent and former Political Adviser to the Clinton Administration. They met on a blind date in April 2001, were engaged two months later, and were married on November 20, 2001, at the Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity on New",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14552051",
"chunk_text": "\"Celblok H\"\nCelblok H Celblok H (working title Wentworth) is the Dutch adaptation of \"\"Wentworth\"\", the Australian drama series about a women's prison divided in two camps. The series, produced by Willem Zijlstra, was broadcast at SBS 6 between March 3, 2014 and March 27, 2017. The last twenty episodes are original scripts. Suzanne Kramer (\"\"Suus\"\" for intimacy) is a hairdresser sent to prison for her failed attempt to kill her abusive husband. Lex Holt and Freddie Hendriks are fighting for leadership, and choosing middle-ground is no option. Suus struggles to make the right decision; she murders Holt and gets isolated for",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11293769",
"chunk_text": "\"House of Cards (season 5)\"\njoined the show in the third season, would serve as co-showrunners for the fifth season, which was released on May 30, 2017. In October 2016, it was announced that Patricia Clarkson and Campbell Scott had been cast for the fifth season. The first trailer for the season was released on May 1, 2017. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 72% based on 36 reviews, with an average rating of 7.46/10. The consensus reads, \"\"\"\"House of Cards\"\" enjoys a confident return to form this season, though its outlandish edge is tempered slightly by the current political",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "800731",
"chunk_text": "\"Money Heist\"\nthe series and distributed the first part through their streaming service worldwide, starting on 25 December 2017. However, instead of retaining the original number of nine episodes and the 70 minute runtime of each episode in the season, it was cut into thirteen different untitled episodes, each being 41–55 minutes in length. Netflix released the second part worldwide on 6 April 2018, with the same edits made to the episodes as in the first part. On 18 April 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a third part, which is expected to be released in 2019. The third part will be",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6651274",
"chunk_text": "\"Piper Kerman\"\n2017. The sixth season was released on July 27, 2018. \"\"Orange is the New Black\"\" has received critical acclaim and won four Emmy Awards. Kerman serves on the board of the Women's Prison Association and is frequently invited to speak to students of creative writing, criminology, gender and women's studies, law, and sociology, as well as to groups, such as the American Correctional Association's Disproportionate Minority Confinement Task Force, federal probation officers, public defenders, justice reform advocates and volunteers, book clubs, and formerly and currently incarcerated people. On February 10, 2014, Kerman received the 2014 Justice Trailblazer Award from the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_3605
|
who challenged the aristotelian model of a geocentric universe?
|
n/a
|
[
"Copernicus"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "869968",
"chunk_text": "Cosmology\n\"\"celestial mechanics\"\", the study of the heavens. Greek philosophers Aristarchus of Samos, Aristotle, and Ptolemy proposed different cosmological theories. The geocentric Ptolemaic system was the prevailing theory until the 16th century when Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei, proposed a heliocentric system. This is one of the most famous examples of epistemological rupture in physical cosmology. Isaac Newton's \"\"Principia Mathematica\"\", published in 1687, was the first description of the law of universal gravitation. It provided a physical mechanism for Kepler's laws and also allowed the anomalies in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16643867",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\nAlpetragius proposed a planetary model that abandoned the equant, epicycle and eccentric mechanisms, though this resulted in a system that was mathematically less accurate. Alpetragius also declared the Ptolemaic system as an imaginary model that was successful at predicting planetary positions but not real or physical. His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209), in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his \"\"Matalib\"\", rejects the Aristotelian and Avicennian notion of the Earth's centrality within the universe, but instead argues that there are \"\"a thousand thousand worlds (\"\"alfa",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2259060",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\nthat both Venus and Mercury went around the Sun rather than the Earth, but this is no longer accepted. Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun. Aristarchus of Samos was the most radical. He wrote a work, which has not survived, on heliocentrism, saying that the Sun was at the center of the universe, while the Earth and other planets revolved around it. His theory was not popular, and he had one named follower, Seleucus of Seleucia. In 1543, the geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of Copernicus' \"\"De revolutionibus orbium",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1163285",
"chunk_text": "Universe\nwas brought into nearly perfect agreement with astronomical observations by Ptolemy. The success of such a model is largely due to the mathematical fact that any function (such as the position of a planet) can be decomposed into a set of circular functions (the Fourier modes). Other Greek scientists, such as the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus, postulated (according to Stobaeus account) that at the center of the Universe was a \"\"central fire\"\" around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion. The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known individual to propose a heliocentric model",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8387957",
"chunk_text": "\"Galileo Galilei\"\nbest equivocal, however. In the whole world prior to Galileo's conflict with the Church, the majority of educated people subscribed either to the Aristotelian geocentric view that the earth was the center of the universe and that all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth, or the Tychonic system that blended geocentrism with heliocentrism. Nevertheless, following the death of Copernicus and before Galileo, heliocentrism was relatively uncontroversial; Copernicus's work was used by Pope Gregory XIII to reform the calendar in 1582. Opposition to heliocentrism and Galileo's writings combined religious and scientific objections. Scientific opposition came from Tycho Brahe and others and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11054001",
"chunk_text": "\"Nicolaus Copernicus\"\nNicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (; ; ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, in all likelihood independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier. The publication of Copernicus' model in his book \"\"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium\"\" (\"\"On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres\"\"), just before his death in 1543, was a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4492390",
"chunk_text": "Philolaus\nPhilolaus Philolaus (; , \"\"Philólaos\"\"; ) was a Greek Pythagorean and pre-Socratic philosopher. He argued that at the foundation of everything is the part played by the limiting and limitless, which combine together in a harmony. He is also credited with originating the theory that the Earth was not the center of the Universe. According to August Böckh (1819), who cites Nicomachus, Philolaus was the successor of Pythagoras. Philolaus is variously reported as being born in either Croton, or Tarentum, or Metapontum—all part of Magna Graecia (the name of the coastal areas of Southern Italy on the Tarentine Gulf that",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16643854",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\nwas gradually superseded by the heliocentric model of Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler. There was much resistance to the transition between these two theories. Some Christian theologians were reluctant to reject a theory that agreed with Biblical passages. Others felt a new, unknown theory could not subvert an accepted consensus for geocentrism. The geocentric model entered Greek astronomy and philosophy at an early point; it can be found in pre-Socratic philosophy. In the 6th century BC, Anaximander proposed a cosmology with Earth shaped like a section of a pillar (a cylinder), held aloft at the center of everything. The Sun, Moon,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11656556",
"chunk_text": "Universe\nof a geometric model for it, and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model, like what Nicolaus Copernicus later did in the 16th century. During the Middle Ages, heliocentric models were also proposed by the Indian astronomer Aryabhata, and by the Persian astronomers Albumasar and Al-Sijzi. The Aristotelian model was accepted in the Western world for roughly two millennia, until Copernicus revived Aristarchus's perspective that the astronomical data could be explained more plausibly if the Earth rotated on its axis and if the Sun were placed at the center of the Universe. As noted by Copernicus himself,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7604094",
"chunk_text": "\"History of physics\"\nmainstream scientific paradigm in Europe until the time of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. Early in Classical Greece, knowledge that the Earth is spherical (\"\"round\"\") was common. Around 240 BCE, as the result a seminal experiment, Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE) accurately estimated its circumference. In contrast to Aristotle's geocentric views, Aristarchus of Samos (; c.310 – c.230 BCE) presented an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar system, i.e. for placing the Sun, not the Earth, at its centre. Seleucus of Seleucia, a follower of Aristarchus' heliocentric theory, stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis, which, in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19652483",
"chunk_text": "\"Aristarchus of Samos\"\nAristarchus of Samos Aristarchus of Samos (; , \"\"Aristarkhos ho Samios\"\"; c. 310 – c. 230 BC) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it. He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but Aristarchus identified the \"\"central fire\"\" with the Sun, and he put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun. Like Anaxagoras before him, he suspected that the stars were just other bodies like the Sun, albeit further away from Earth.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3011127",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\nGeocentric model In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth. The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy. Two observations supported the idea that Earth was the center of the Universe. First, from anywhere on Earth, the Sun appears to revolve around Earth once per day. While the Moon and the planets have their own motions,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1856353",
"chunk_text": "Science\na role in a cosmic order with an unmoved mover. The Socratics also insisted that philosophy should be used to consider the practical question of the best way to live for a human being (a study Aristotle divided into ethics and political philosophy). Aristotle maintained that man knows a thing scientifically \"\"when he possesses a conviction arrived at in a certain way, and when the first principles on which that conviction rests are known to him with certainty\"\". The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 BCE) was the first to propose a heliocentric model of the universe, with the Sun",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16643855",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\nand planets were holes in invisible wheels surrounding Earth; through the holes, humans could see concealed fire. About the same time, Pythagoras thought that the Earth was a sphere (in accordance with observations of eclipses), but not at the center; they believed that it was in motion around an unseen fire. Later these views were combined, so most educated Greeks from the 4th century BC on thought that the Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe. In the 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers, Plato and his student Aristotle, wrote works based on the geocentric model.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1251128",
"chunk_text": "\"Creationist cosmologies\"\nastronomer Ptolemy. The Geocentric Model was challenged by clergyman astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus in his book \"\"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium\"\" published in 1543. Copernicus' astronomical model Copernican heliocentrism, led to the development and general acceptance of the Copernican principle in the majority of succeeding astronomical models. The case for the Copernicus principle was further bolstered early in the 20th century, by the discovery that the Solar System is far from the center of the Milky Way. The young Earth creationist website Answers in Genesis dismisses the Big Bang as \"\"entirely fiction\"\", \"\"nothing more than an attempt by men ...",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2259067",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\ncalculus, finally replacing the previous schools of scientific thought, which had been dominated by Aristotle and Ptolemy. However, the process was gradual. Several empirical tests of Newton's theory, explaining the longer period of oscillation of a pendulum at the equator and the differing size of a degree of latitude, would gradually become available between 1673 and 1738. In addition, stellar aberration was observed by Robert Hooke in 1674, and tested in a series of observations by Jean Picard over a period of ten years, finishing in 1680. However, it was not explained until 1729, when James Bradley provided an approximate",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20571045",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\n17th century competition between astronomical cosmologies focused on variations of Tycho Brahe's Tychonic system (in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the Sun, but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles), or variations on the Copernican system. Johannes Kepler analysed Tycho Brahe's famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his three laws in 1609 and 1619, based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths. Using these laws, he was the first astronomer to successfully predict a transit of Venus (for the year",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16643872",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\nknew about Tusi's work or that of the Maragha school. Not all Greeks agreed with the geocentric model. The Pythagorean system has already been mentioned; some Pythagoreans believed the Earth to be one of several planets going around a central fire. Hicetas and Ecphantus, two Pythagoreans of the 5th century BC, and Heraclides Ponticus in the 4th century BC, believed that the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe. Such a system still qualifies as geocentric. It was revived in the Middle Ages by Jean Buridan. Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19652487",
"chunk_text": "\"Aristarchus of Samos\"\nthe Earth from its central position. Pliny and Seneca referred to the retrograde motion of some planets as an apparent (and not real) phenomenon, which is an implication of heliocentrism rather than geocentrism. Still, no stellar parallax was observed, and Plato, Aristotle, and Ptolemy preferred the geocentric model, which was held as true throughout the Middle Ages. The heliocentric theory was revived by Copernicus, after which Johannes Kepler described planetary motions with greater accuracy with his three laws. Isaac Newton later gave a theoretical explanation based on laws of gravitational attraction and dynamics. The only known surviving work usually attributed",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2259048",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\nmotion based on Plato's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system. In the fully developed Aristotelian system, the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 47–55 transparent, rotating spheres surrounding the Earth, all concentric with it. (The number is so high because several spheres are needed for each planet.) These spheres, known as crystalline spheres, all moved at different uniform speeds to create the revolution of bodies around the Earth. They were composed of an incorruptible substance",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2259053",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\nintended to explain changes in the brightness of the planets due to a change in distance. Eventually, perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was impossible to develop a sufficiently accurate model under that ideal. However, while providing for similar explanations, the later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate observations for many centuries. Although the basic tenets of Greek geocentrism were established by the time of Aristotle, the details of his system did not become standard. The Ptolemaic system, developed by the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 2nd century AD finally standardised geocentrism. His main astronomical",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14882571",
"chunk_text": "\"Giordano Bruno\"\nGiordano Bruno Giordano Bruno (; ; ; born Filippo Bruno, 1548 – 17 February 1600) was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, and cosmological theorist. He is known for his cosmological theories, which conceptually extended the then-novel Copernican model. He proposed that the stars were distant suns surrounded by their own planets, and he raised the possibility that these planets might foster life of their own, a philosophical position known as cosmic pluralism. He also insisted that the universe is infinite and could have no \"\"center\"\". Starting in 1593, Bruno was tried for heresy by the Roman Inquisition on",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3011158",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\nagainst the claims of Galileo. In regards to the theological basis for such an argument, two Popes addressed the question of whether the use of phenomenological language would compel one to admit an error in Scripture. Both taught that it would not. Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903) wrote: Maurice Finocchiaro, author of a book on the Galileo affair, notes that this is \"\"a view of the relationship between biblical interpretation and scientific investigation that corresponds to the one advanced by Galileo in the \"\"Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina\"\". Pope Pius XII (1939–1958) repeated his predecessor's teaching: In 1664, Pope Alexander",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16021144",
"chunk_text": "Universe\nAristarchus's heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia, a Hellenistic astronomer who lived a century after Aristarchus. According to Plutarch, Seleucus was the first to prove the heliocentric system through reasoning, but it is not known what arguments he used. Seleucus' arguments for a heliocentric cosmology were probably related to the phenomenon of tides. According to Strabo (1.1.9), Seleucus was the first to state that the tides are due to the attraction of the Moon, and that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun. Alternatively, he may have proved heliocentricity by determining the constants",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3177321",
"chunk_text": "\"Galileo Galilei\"\nmondo) in 1632. Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition's 1616 instructions, the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his \"\"Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences\"\" (\"\"Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze\"\") in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition. Galileo's main written works are as follows: Footnotes Citations Biography Galileo and the Church Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei (; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642)",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6689218",
"chunk_text": "\"Aristotelian physics\"\nTycho Brahe, Galileo, Descartes and Newton, it became generally accepted that Aristotelian physics was neither correct nor viable. Despite this, it survived as a scholastic pursuit well into the seventeenth century, until universities amended their curricula. In Europe, Aristotle's theory was first convincingly discredited by Galileo's studies. Using a telescope, Galileo observed that the Moon was not entirely smooth, but had craters and mountains, contradicting the Aristotelian idea of the incorruptibly perfect smooth Moon. Galileo also criticized this notion theoretically; a perfectly smooth Moon would reflect light unevenly like a shiny billiard ball, so that the edges of the moon's",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16643877",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\nJohannes Kepler, and Giovan Paulo Lembo. In December 1610, Galileo Galilei used his telescope to observe that Venus showed all phases, just like the Moon. He thought that while this observation was incompatible with the Ptolemaic system, it was a natural consequence of the heliocentric system. However, Ptolemy placed Venus' deferent and epicycle entirely inside the sphere of the Sun (between the Sun and Mercury), but this was arbitrary; he could just as easily have swapped Venus and Mercury and put them on the other side of the Sun, or made any other arrangement of Venus and Mercury, as long",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14882601",
"chunk_text": "\"Giordano Bruno\"\n\"\"didapper\"\" used by Abbot is the derisive term which at the time meant \"\"a small diving waterfowl\"\". In the first half of the 15th century, Nicholas of Cusa challenged the then widely accepted philosophies of Aristotelianism, envisioning instead an infinite universe whose center was everywhere and circumference nowhere, and moreover teeming with countless stars. He also predicted that neither were the rotational orbits circular nor were their movements uniform. In the second half of the 16th century, the theories of Copernicus (1473–1543) began diffusing through Europe. Copernicus conserved the idea of planets fixed to solid spheres, but considered the apparent",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11946868",
"chunk_text": "\"History of astronomy\"\nthan with developing an explanation of the reasons for the motions of the Cosmos. In his \"\"Timaeus\"\", Plato described the universe as a spherical body divided into circles carrying the planets and governed according to harmonic intervals by a world soul. Aristotle, drawing on the mathematical model of Eudoxus, proposed that the universe was made of a complex system of concentric spheres, whose circular motions combined to carry the planets around the earth. This basic cosmological model prevailed, in various forms, until the 16th century. In the 3rd century BC Aristarchus of Samos was the first to suggest a heliocentric",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15471852",
"chunk_text": "\"Cosmological argument\"\nLeibniz and Samuel Clarke, itself a modern exposition of the claim that \"\"nothing comes from nothing\"\" attributed to Parmenides. Contemporary defenders of cosmological arguments include William Lane Craig, Robert Koons, Alexander Pruss, and William L. Rowe. Plato (c. 427–347 BC) and Aristotle (c. 384–322 BC) both posited first cause arguments, though each had certain notable caveats. In \"\"The Laws\"\" (Book X), Plato posited that all movement in the world and the Cosmos was \"\"imparted motion\"\". This required a \"\"self-originated motion\"\" to set it in motion and to maintain it. In \"\"Timaeus\"\", Plato posited a \"\"demiurge\"\" of supreme wisdom and intelligence",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3615203",
"chunk_text": "Transactionalism\nInfluence Ecology. Phillips traced transactionalism's philosophical roots to Greek historians Polybius and Plato, 17th century polymath and architect of the scientific revolution Galileo, as well as the architect of modern western philosophy, René Descartes. Galileo's contributions to the scientific revolution rested on an understanding of transactionalism from which he argued Aristotelian physics was wrong, as he wrote in \"\"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems\"\" (1632):\"\"In that case, if it is denied that circular motion is peculiar to celestial bodies, and affirmed to belong to all naturally movable bodies, then one must choose one of two necessary consequences. Either the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19652484",
"chunk_text": "\"Aristarchus of Samos\"\nHis astronomical ideas were often rejected in favor of the incorrect geocentric theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy. Nicolaus Copernicus attributed the heliocentric theory to Aristarchus. The original text has been lost, but a reference in Archimedes' book \"\"The Sand Reckoner\"\" (\"\"Archimedis Syracusani Arenarius & Dimensio Circuli\"\") describes a work by Aristarchus in which he advanced the heliocentric model as an alternative hypothesis to geocentrism: Aristarchus suspected the stars were other suns that are very far away, and that in consequence there was no observable parallax, that is, a movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moves",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20571036",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\ncould remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate, and gave the same result. It has been determined, in fact, that the Copernican, Ptolemaic and even the Tychonic models provided identical results to identical inputs. They are computationally equivalent. It",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1251127",
"chunk_text": "\"Creationist cosmologies\"\nfreely elects to create an effect in time. Therefore ... I conclude that it is rational to believe that God exists.\"\" The demonstrated existence of God in turn leads into God's purpose in creating the cosmos, which is mankind: \"\"The observations that place the Earth near the centre of the universe are consistent with God’s focus on mankind.\"\" For many centuries, The Geocentric model, a description of the cosmos which posited Earth as the center of all celestial bodies, was widely accepted by a variety of different civilizations. The Geocentric model was developed primarily by Greek philosopher Aristotle and Greco-Egyptian",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20571046",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\n1631). The change from circular orbits to elliptical planetary paths dramatically improved the accuracy of celestial observations and predictions. Because the heliocentric model devised by Copernicus was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, new observations were needed to persuade those who still adhered to the geocentric model. However, Kepler's laws based on Brahe's data became a problem which geocentrists could not easily overcome. In 1687, Isaac Newton stated the law of universal gravitation, described earlier as a hypothesis by Robert Hooke and others. His main achievement was to mathematically derive Kepler's laws of planetary motion from the law of gravitation,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11054114",
"chunk_text": "\"Nicolaus Copernicus\"\nfeast day on 23 May. Wrocław-Strachowice International Airport is named after Nicolaus Copernicus (Copernicus Airport Wrocław) Contemporary literary and artistic works inspired by Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (; ; ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, in all likelihood independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier. The publication of Copernicus' model in his book \"\"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium\"\" (\"\"On the Revolutions of the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13899581",
"chunk_text": "Creationism\ncelestial bodies. This model served as the predominant cosmological system in many ancient civilizations such as ancient Greece. As such, they assumed that the Sun, Moon, stars, and naked eye planets circled Earth, including the noteworthy systems of Aristotle (see Aristotelian physics) and Ptolemy. Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters associated with the Creation Research Society pointing to some passages in the Bible, which, when taken literally, indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5215220",
"chunk_text": "\"A Brief History of Time\"\ncircles, because of \"\"mystical reasons\"\". Second-century Greek astronomer Ptolemy also pondered the positions of the sun and stars in the universe and made a planetary model that described Aristotle's thinking in more detail. Today, it is known that the opposite is true: the earth goes around the sun. The Aristotelian and Ptolemaic ideas about the position of the stars and sun were disproved in 1609. The first person to present a detailed arguments that the earth revolves around the sun was the Polish priest Nicholas Copernicus, in 1514. Nearly a century later, Galileo Galilei, an Italian scientist, and Johannes Kepler,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "168409",
"chunk_text": "Science\nthe Spheres. Galileo made innovative use of experiment and mathematics. However, he became persecuted after Pope Urban VIII blessed Galileo to write about the Copernican system. Galileo had used arguments from the Pope and put them in the voice of the simpleton in the work \"\"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems\"\", which greatly offended Urban VIII. In Northern Europe, the new technology of the printing press was widely used to publish many arguments, including some that disagreed widely with contemporary ideas of nature. René Descartes and Francis Bacon published philosophical arguments in favor of a new type of non-Aristotelian",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5622890",
"chunk_text": "\"Teleological argument\"\nbuilt upon the analysis of \"\"a priori\"\" order and structure in the world that he had already presented in \"\"The Republic\"\". The story does not propose creation \"\"ex nihilo\"\"; rather, the demiurge made order from the chaos of the cosmos, imitating the eternal Forms. Plato's student and friend Aristotle (c. 384 – 322 BC), continued the Socratic tradition of criticising natural scientists such as Democritus who sought (as in modern science) to explain everything in terms of matter and chance motion. He was very influential in the future development of classical creationism, but was not a straightforward \"\"creationist\"\" because he",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2259049",
"chunk_text": "\"Geocentric model\"\ncalled aether. Aristotle believed that the moon was in the innermost sphere and therefore touches the realm of Earth, causing the dark spots (macula) and the ability to go through lunar phases. He further described his system by explaining the natural tendencies of the terrestrial elements: Earth, water, fire, air, as well as celestial aether. His system held that Earth was the heaviest element, with the strongest movement towards the center, thus water formed a layer surrounding the sphere of Earth. The tendency of air and fire, on the other hand, was to move upwards, away from the center, with",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18206937",
"chunk_text": "Pythagoreanism\ntravels like a wave in the air at a finite speed and experiments to establish the speed of sound were carried out by philosophers attached to the French Academy of Sciences, the Accademia del Cimento and the Royal Society. At the height of the Scientific Revolution, as Aristotelianism declined in Europe, the ideas of early-Pythagoreanism were revived. Mathematics regained importance and influenced philosophy as well as science. Mathematics was used by Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, Huygens and Newton to advance physical laws that reflected the inherent order of the universe. Twenty-one centuries after Pythagoreas had taught his disciples in Italy, Galileo",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4070562",
"chunk_text": "\"Scientific Revolution\"\nScientific Revolution was not marked by any single change, the following new ideas contributed to what is called the Scientific Revolution. Many of them were revolutions in their own fields. For almost five millennia, the geocentric model of the Earth as the center of the universe had been accepted by all but a few astronomers. In Aristotle's cosmology, Earth's central location was perhaps less significant than its identification as a realm of imperfection, inconstancy, irregularity and change, as opposed to the \"\"heavens\"\" (Moon, Sun, planets, stars), which were regarded as perfect, permanent, unchangeable, and in religious thought, the realm of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20993805",
"chunk_text": "\"Aristotelian physics\"\nlaws of physics\"\". The Persian polymath Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048) was the first to realize that acceleration is connected with non-uniform motion (as later expressed by Newton's second law of motion). During his debate with Avicenna, al-Biruni also criticized the Aristotelian theory of gravity firstly for denying the existence of levity or gravity in the celestial spheres; and, secondly, for its notion of circular motion being an innate property of the heavenly bodies. In 1121, al-Khazini, in \"\"The Book of the Balance of Wisdom\"\", proposed that the gravity and gravitational potential energy of a body varies depending on its distance",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13899580",
"chunk_text": "Creationism\nand thus religious, antecedents,\"\" and hence cannot be taught as an alternative to evolution in public school science classrooms under the jurisdiction of that court. This sets a persuasive precedent, based on previous US Supreme Court decisions in \"\"Edwards v. Aguillard\"\" and \"\"Epperson v. Arkansas\"\" (1968), and by the application of the Lemon test, that creates a legal hurdle to teaching intelligent design in public school districts in other federal court jurisdictions. In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system), is a description of the Cosmos where Earth is at the orbital center of all",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5779755",
"chunk_text": "\"Galileo affair\"\nAccording to Cigoli, one of the plotters asked a priest to denounce Galileo's views from the pulpit, but the latter refused. Nevertheless, three years later another priest, Tommaso Caccini, did in fact do precisely that, as described below. In the Catholic world prior to Galileo's conflict with the Church, the majority of educated people subscribed to the Aristotelian geocentric view that the earth was the center of the universe and that all heavenly bodies revolved around the earth, though Copernican theories were used to reform the calendar in 1582. Geostaticism agreed with a literal interpretation of Scripture in several places,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13236619",
"chunk_text": "\"Copernican Revolution\"\nis much older; it can be traced to Aristarchus of Samos, a Hellenistic author writing in the 3rd century BC, who may in turn have been drawing on even older concepts in Pythagoreanism. Ancient heliocentrism was, however, eclipsed by the geocentric model presented by Ptolemy and accepted in Aristotelianism. European scholars were well aware of the problems with Ptolemaic astronomy since the 13th century. The debate was precipitated by the reception by Averroes' criticism of Ptolemy, and it was again revived by the recovery of Ptolemy's text and its translation into Latin in the mid-15th century. Otto E. Neugebauer in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2175033",
"chunk_text": "\"Astrology and astronomy\"\nabout the nature and substance of the stars and planets. Astronomers such as Eudoxus (contemporary with Plato) observed planetary motions and cycles, and created a geocentric cosmological model that would be accepted by Aristotle. This model generally lasted until Ptolemy, who added epicycles to explain the retrograde motion of Mars. (Around 250 BC, Aristarchus of Samos postulated a proto-heliocentric theory, which would not be reconsidered for nearly two millennia (Copernicus), as Aristotle's geocentric model continued to be favored.) The Platonic school promoted the study of astronomy as a part of philosophy because the motions of the heavens demonstrate an orderly",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18154986",
"chunk_text": "\"Aristotelian physics\"\nremained dominant until the beginning of the 17th century, even though it had been questioned and debated by philosophers since antiquity. The most significant early critique was made in terms of geometry by the 11th-century Arab polymath al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) in his \"\"Discourse on Place\"\". Terrestrial objects rise or fall, to a greater or lesser extent, according to the ratio of the four elements of which they are composed. For example, earth, the heaviest element, and water, fall toward the center of the cosmos; hence the Earth and for the most part its oceans, will have already come to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15870763",
"chunk_text": "\"History of the center of the Universe\"\nsouthern constellations rise higher above the horizon, and the shadow of Earth on the Moon during a lunar eclipse is round, and spheres cast circular shadows while discs generally do not. This understanding was accompanied by models of the Universe that depicted the Sun, Moon, stars, and naked eye planets circling the spherical Earth, including the noteworthy models of Aristotle (see Aristotelian physics) and Ptolemy. This geocentric model was the dominant model from the 4th century BCE until the 17th century CE. Heliocentrism, or heliocentricism, is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a relatively stationary",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_3606
|
when was the miraculous journey of edward tulane published?
|
n/a
|
[
"2006",
"March 30, 2006"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17803549",
"chunk_text": "\"The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane\"\nThe Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category. Edward Tulane is a china rabbit given to a ten-year-old girl named Abilene by her grandmother in the 1930s. He enjoys a pleasant but vain life with his young mistress, who treats him with the utmost love and respect, until an unfortunate incident finds him falling overboard while vacationing on the \"\"RMS Queen Mary\"\". Edward spends 297 days on the ocean floor,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3675820",
"chunk_text": "\"The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane\"\nthe bestseller lists in major Korean bookstores as the alien repeatedly quotes from it throughout the series. The book was also quoted at a memorial service for Gustav Åhr by his mother. The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category. Edward Tulane is a china rabbit given to a ten-year-old girl named Abilene by her grandmother in the 1930s. He enjoys a pleasant but vain life with his young mistress,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3675818",
"chunk_text": "\"The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane\"\nfor sale in a doll store for several years. He is finally bought by Abilene, his original mistress, now married with a daughter of her own. The novel contains several themes involving loss and recovery, kindness and compassion, and the journey to self-discovery. The main theme can be summarized by a quote from the book: \"\"If you have no intention of loving or being loved, then the whole journey is pointless.\"\"- The old doll \"\"The Miraculous Journey\"\" won the 2006 Boston Globe–Horn Book Award for children's fiction and a Parents' Choice Award for Spring 2006 fiction. It was a Quill",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3675819",
"chunk_text": "\"The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane\"\nAwards finalist in the children's chapter book category. In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of \"\"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children\"\" based on an online poll. In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by \"\"School Library Journal\"\" – the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100. The book was featured in \"\"My Love from the Star\"\", a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress. This propelled the novel to the top of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1867765",
"chunk_text": "\"Kate DiCamillo\"\nIn 2012 \"\"Winn-Dixie\"\" was ranked number 30 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by \"\"School Library Journal\"\", a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. \"\"Despereaux\"\" (51) and \"\"Edward Tulane\"\" (59) also made the Top 100 list. DiCamillo is the fourth U.S. National Ambassador for Young People's Literature. In 2005, \"\"Because of Winn-Dixie\"\" was released as a film by 20th Century Fox. Universal Pictures released \"\"The Tale of Despereaux\"\" on December 19, 2008. \"\"The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane\"\" was optioned by New Line Cinema and is in early pre-production. In 2013, Robert Zemeckis signed on to direct the \"\"Edward",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14224402",
"chunk_text": "\"Ed Rice\"\nEd Rice Edward J. \"\"Ed\"\" Rice (October 23, 1918 – August 8, 2001) was an American author, publisher, photojournalist and painter, born in Brooklyn, New York to Edward J. Rice, Sr. and Elsie (Becker) Rice. He was best known as a close friend and biographer of Thomas Merton. Rice wrote more than 20 books, including \"\"Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton,\"\" a best-selling 1990 biography of the famous 19th-century explorer, and was the founder (1953) of \"\"Jubilee\"\" magazine. Rice attended Columbia University, where he became close friends with Merton, Robert Lax, and Robert Giroux (who later co-founded Farrar, Straus and Giroux).",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16014353",
"chunk_text": "\"A Walk Across America\"\nA Walk Across America A Walk Across America is a nonfiction travel book first published in 1979. It was the first book written by travel author Peter Jenkins, with support from the National Geographic Society. The book depicts his journey from Alfred, New York to New Orleans, Louisiana. While on his journey of self-discovery, he engaged himself in others' lives, lost his best friend, experienced a religious conversion, and courted a new wife. The book would lead to a sequel, as well as a writing career. Peter Jenkins was raised in a northern middle-class suburban home in Connecticut. While attending",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20810054",
"chunk_text": "\"Parley P. Pratt\"\nand the Devil\"\", was published on January 1, 1844, in the \"\"New York Herald\"\". It was a religious treatise in fictional form. Pratt's most well-known theological work was \"\"A Key to Science of Theology,\"\" which was published in 1855. Other works by Pratt included \"\"Late Persecutions\"\", \"\"Millennium and Other Poems\"\", at least ten tracts published while he served as editor of the \"\"Millennial Star\"\", and \"\"Proclamation to the People of the Coasts and Islands of the Pacific\"\", written by Pratt in the summer of 1851 in San Francisco, California, and published by W. C. Wandell in Sydney, Australia. Pratt's Visions",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11008647",
"chunk_text": "\"Dudley J. LeBlanc\"\nthen were exiled by the British in 1755. As a result of his research, LeBlanc wrote and published three books: \"\"The True Story of the Acadians\"\" in 1927, a revised \"\"improved version\"\" of the first book in 1932, and \"\"The Acadian Miracle\"\" in 1966. The books are considered to be seminal works in Acadian history and culture. In 2016, LeBlanc's granddaughter, award-winning author M. M. Le Blanc, revised, enhanced and edited his 1927 book as the 90th Anniversary Edition, and his 1966 book as the 50th Anniversary Edition. LeBlanc arranged three pilgrimages of \"\"Evangeline girls\"\" from Louisiana to Canada, stopping",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17803550",
"chunk_text": "\"The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane\"\nuntil a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net. The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses. Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life-altering characters, such as a hobo and his dog and a four-year-old girl with tuberculosis and her brother. Edward's journeys not only take him far from home, but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was. Eventually, Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge, repaired and then offered",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "963837",
"chunk_text": "\"En route (novel)\"\nto a Trappist monastery. In studying his conversion, I've tried to trace the progress of a soul surprised by the gift of grace, and developing in an ecclesiastical atmosphere, to the accompaniment of mystical literature, liturgy, and plainchant, against a background of all that admirable art which the Church has created\"\". (quoted in Baldick p.288)The novel was published by Tresse et Stock on February 23, 1895. Its literary qualities were generally appreciated at once (Paul Valéry was especially enthusiastic) but many expressed doubts as to the sincerity of Huysmans' religious conversion until the author was defended at a public lecture",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17046419",
"chunk_text": "\"Betelguese, a Trip Through Hell\"\nTrip Through Hell\"\" while Theodore Roosevelt was on a trip to Africa in an effort to avoid potential conflict that might have resulted from Roosevelt's awareness of its content. \"\"Betelguese, a Trip Through Hell\"\" was published by Connoisseur's Press in Jersey City, New Jersey on July 1, 1908. An application for copyright was submitted on September 28, 1907. Two copies were received by the Library of Congress on August 28, 1909. For the publishing company, \"\"Betelguese\"\" was considered its first work of distinction after several years of modest publications. The book features a frontispiece by painter Nicholas Briganti, an illustration",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6859164",
"chunk_text": "\"Moncacht-Apé\"\nby a land bridge. A partial English translation of Le Page's book was published in 1763. As it included material about the peoples and the geography of greater Louisiana, it was taken as a guide by later European and American pioneers, including Lewis and Clark, during the continuing exploration of North America. Some historians have disputed the fact of Moncacht-Apé's transcontinental journey. Le Page's is the only first-hand account of Moncacht-Apé's story, and its veracity is difficult to confirm. In 1718, Le Page left France as part of an expedition of 800 men on three ships, arriving in the Louisiana",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12895959",
"chunk_text": "\"Anne Rice\"\nIn June 1988, following the success of \"\"The Vampire Lestat\"\" and with \"\"The Queen of the Damned\"\" about to be published, the Rices purchased a second home in New Orleans, the Brevard-Rice House, built in 1857 for Albert Hamilton Brevard. Stan took a leave of absence from his teaching, and together they moved to New Orleans. Within months, they decided to make it their permanent home. Rice returned to the Catholic Church in 1998 after decades of atheism. On December 14, 1998, she fell into a coma, later determined to be caused by diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and nearly died. She",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10701527",
"chunk_text": "\"Gustave Drouineau\"\nThéâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique. His novel \"\"Ernest ou le travers du siècle\"\" published in 1829 by Timothée Dehay became a best-seller, inspiring even Balzac for his \"\"Illusions perdues\"\" (1837). The following novels did not experience the same success. After the death of his wife from consumption, he immersed himself in spirituality. In 1833, he founded a sect which he named neo-Christianity and stopped definitively writing in 1835. His family had then him interned at the hospice of Lafond hospice where he plunged into total oblivion and ended his life. Gustave Drouineau Gustave Pierre Drouineau (22 February 1798 – 19 April 1878)",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2421803",
"chunk_text": "\"Journey Through the Impossible\"\nlifetime and was presumed lost until 1978, when a handwritten copy was discovered in the Archives of the Censorship Office of the Third Republic. The text was published in France by Jean-Jacques Pauvert in 1981. An English translation by Edward Baxter was commissioned by the North American Jules Verne Society and published in 2003 by Prometheus Books. The first production of the play after its rediscovery occurred in 2005, in a small-scale performance at the Histrio Theatre in Washington, DC. Since its rediscovery, the play has been studied and analyzed by scholars interested in its place in Verne's oeuvre, though",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17907396",
"chunk_text": "Evangeline\nfor further background information. He noted his reliance on other sources in his journal on January 7, 1847: \"\"Went to the library and got Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, and the Historical Collections of Pennsylvania. Also, Darby's Geographical Description of Louisiana. These books must help me through the last part of Evangeline, so far as facts and local coloring go. But for the form and the poetry,—they must come from my own brain.\"\" \"\"Evangeline\"\" was published in book form on November 1, 1847, and by 1857 it had sold nearly 36,000 copies. During this time, Longfellow's literary payment was at its",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14883571",
"chunk_text": "\"The Book of Ebenezer Le Page\"\nThe Book of Ebenezer Le Page The Book of Ebenezer Le Page is a novel by Gerald Basil Edwards first published in United Kingdom by Hamish Hamilton in 1981, and in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf in the same year. It has since been published by Penguin books and New York Review Books in their classics series, as well as in French and Italian. It is the fictionalised autobiography of an archetypal Guernseyman, Ebenezer Le Page, who lives through the dramatic changes in the island of the Guernsey, Channel Islands from the late nineteenth century, through to the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2375290",
"chunk_text": "\"Literature of Louisiana\"\nLiterature of Louisiana The literature of Louisiana, United States, includes fiction, poetry, and nonfiction. Representative authors include Ernest Gaines and Anne Rice. A printing press began operating in New Orleans in 1764. The French-language newspapers \"\"Courrier de la Louisiane\"\" (1807-1860) and \"\"L’Abeille de la Nouvelle-Orléans\"\" (1827-1923) published \"\"literary material.\"\" The francophone Athénée Louisianais formed in 1876. Lafcadio Hearn's \"\"La Cuisine Creole,\"\" a cookbook, was published in New Orleans in 1885. In the late 19th century Kate Chopin (1851–1904), Grace King (1852–1932), and Alice Dunbar Nelson (1875–1935) wrote about Louisiana Creole people. In 1935 Robert Penn Warren launched \"\"The Southern Review,\"\"",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5896011",
"chunk_text": "\"J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement\"\nthe name of the real ship. It is possible that the change to the ship's name was accidental, since Doyle does not change the name of the \"\"Dei Gratia\"\", the ship that salvaged the \"\"Mary Celeste\"\". The story was first printed anonymously in \"\"Cornhill Magazine\"\" in January 1884 under the title \"\"J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement,\"\" illustrated by William Small. It has been reprinted a number of times. The \"\"Boston Herald\"\" reprinted it on 3 April 1885, and it was anthologised in \"\"Dreamland and Ghostland\"\" (1887), \"\"The Captain of the Polestar and Other Tales\"\" (1890) and \"\"Tales of Pirates and Blue",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13514057",
"chunk_text": "\"Paul Tulane\"\nPaul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years touring the southern United States with a well-educated male cousin, who was a member of the bar in France. It was from this tour that Tulane developed a keen interest in New Orleans. In 1822, he established",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17033491",
"chunk_text": "\"A Singular Life\"\nA Singular Life A Singular Life is a novel published in 1895 by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward. It was first published in serial form in \"\"The Atlantic Monthly\"\" from January through October 1895, and published in novel form in late 1895. It was the fourth highest best-selling book in the United States in 1896. The book was published in a period when Americans were exploring how the teachings of Jesus Christ could be applied to daily life. Several books considering the question were published in 1890s. \"\"A Singular Life\"\", in this vein, features a protagonist named Emanuel Bayard who pursues",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16751624",
"chunk_text": "\"Edward Coxere\"\nEdward Coxere Edward Coxere (1633–1694) was a Kentish merchant seaman, linguist, Quaker convert and autobiographer. His manuscript autobiography surfaced in 1943 and was edited by E. H. W. Meyerstein and published by Oxford University Press in 1945 as \"\"Adventures by Sea\"\". The small-format book has a map of Europe and North Africa as its end-papers. The text has 19 pages of prelims and 110 pages of text and 22 pages of notes, together with a sourced genealogical table. There are seven illustrations derived from the original manuscript. \"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\"\" article characterises Coxere's autobiography thus: \"\"His picaresque",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12276127",
"chunk_text": "\"The Vision and the Voice\"\nThe Vision and the Voice The Vision and the Voice (Liber 418) chronicles the mystical journey of Aleister Crowley (1875–1947) as he explored the 30 Enochian Æthyrs originally developed by Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelley in the 16th century. These visions took place at two times: in 1900 during his stay in Mexico, and later in 1909 in Algeria in the company of poet Victor Benjamin Neuburg. Of all his works, Crowley considered this book to be second in importance behind \"\"The Book of the Law\"\", the text that established his religious and philosophical system of Thelema in 1904.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5793577",
"chunk_text": "\"Edward Christopher Williams\"\n\"\"The Messenger\"\" from January 1925 to July 1926. Sometimes, he used a pseudonym, Bertiuccio Dantino, to sign his articles. Williams excelled in five languages: English, French, German, Italian and Spanish. He translated some documents from different languages into English. Early in his career, he received job offers to become a translator. \"\"The Letters of Davy Carr\"\" was rediscovered by scholar Adam McKible and published as \"\"When Washington Was in Vogue\"\" in 2004, establishing Williams' place in the canon of Harlem Renaissance literature. Williams was preparing for advanced studies to earn the first Ph.D. in library science offered by Columbia University,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20828653",
"chunk_text": "\"Graphic novel\"\npublication \"\"Histoire de M. Vieux Bois\"\" by Swiss caricaturist Rodolphe Töpffer, and was first published in English translation in 1841 by London's Tilt & Bogue, which used an 1833 Paris pirate edition. The first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition. Another early predecessor is \"\"Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags\"\" by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read, inspired by \"\"The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck\"\". In 1894 Caran d'Ache broached the idea of a \"\"drawn novel\"\" in a letter to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15822830",
"chunk_text": "\"The Thompson Travel Agency\"\nand disgruntled passengers, cleverly manages to escape bankruptcy. The novel was serialized in \"\"Le Journal\"\" from October 17, 1907 to December 25, 1907, and published by Hetzel et Cie in book form the same year. An English translation by I. O. Evans was published in two volumes (\"\"Package Holiday\"\" and \"\"End of the Journey\"\") in 1965. The publisher's claim that the novel was a posthumous work by Jules Verne was accepted for more than a century, until the discovery of the original manuscript proved Michel Verne's authorship. The Thompson Travel Agency The Thompson Travel Agency (, literally \"\"The Agency Thompson",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16342578",
"chunk_text": "\"Seabury Quinn\"\ninfluenced by Robert W. Chambers' 1920 novel \"\"The Slayer of Souls\"\". In 1937 he returned to Washington to represent a chain of trade journals, and there subsequently became a government lawyer for the duration of World War II. He alternated between law and journalism all his life. He published over five hundred short stories. His first book, \"\"Roads\"\" (a surprising new origin for Santa Claus, drawn from the original Christian legends), was published by Arkham House in 1948. Ten of the Jules de Grandin stories were collected in \"\"The Phantom Fighter\"\" (Mycroft & Moran, an imprint of Arkham House), 1966.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16023356",
"chunk_text": "\"\"\"WE\"\" (1927 book)\"\n\"\"WE\"\" (1927 book) \"\"WE\"\" is an autobiographical account by Charles A. Lindbergh (1902-1974) about his life and the events leading up to and including his May 1927 New York to Paris solo trans-Atlantic flight in the \"\"Spirit of St. Louis\"\", a custom-built, single engine, single-seat Ryan monoplane (Registration: N-X-211). It was first published on July 27, 1927 by G.P. Putnam's Sons in New York. Just 57 days after then 25-year old former US Air Mail pilot Charles Lindbergh had completed his historic Orteig Prize-winning first-ever non-stop solo transatlantic flight from New York (Roosevelt Field) to Paris (Le Bourget) on May",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2078028",
"chunk_text": "\"Henry Darger\"\nHenry Darger Henry Joseph Darger Jr. (; c. April 12, 1892 – April 13, 1973) was a reclusive American writer and artist who worked as a hospital custodian in Chicago, Illinois. He has become famous for his posthumously discovered 15,145-page, single-spaced fantasy manuscript called \"\"The Story of the Vivian Girls, in What Is Known as the Realms of the Unreal, of the Glandeco-Angelinian War Storm, Caused by the Child Slave Rebellion\"\", along with several hundred drawings and watercolor paintings illustrating the story. The visual subject matter of his work ranges from idyllic scenes in Edwardian interiors and tranquil flowered landscapes",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18714436",
"chunk_text": "\"The Little Prince\"\nThe Little Prince The Little Prince (French: \"\"Le Petit Prince\"\"; ), first published in April 1943, is a novella, the most famous work of French aristocrat, writer, poet, and pioneering aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. The novella has been voted the best book of the 20th century in France. Translated into 300 languages and dialects, selling nearly two million copies annually, and with year-to-date sales of over 140 million copies worldwide, it has become one of the best-selling and most translated books ever published. After the outbreak of the Second World War, Saint-Exupéry escaped to North America. Despite personal upheavals and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14380631",
"chunk_text": "\"Voyages extraordinaires\"\n\"\"Claudius Bombarnac\"\", which was first published in a grand-in-8º edition.) What follows are the fifty-four novels published in Verne's lifetime, with the most common English-language title for each novel. The dates given are those of the first publication in book form. The posthumous additions to the series, extensively altered and in some cases entirely written by Verne's son Michel, are as follows. Voyages extraordinaires The Voyages extraordinaires (literally Extraordinary Voyages or Extraordinary Journeys) is a sequence of fifty-four novels by the French writer Jules Verne, originally published between 1863 and 1905. According to Verne's editor Pierre-Jules Hetzel, the goal of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8759520",
"chunk_text": "\"Antiquitas Lost\"\nof two young children. He began writing \"\"Antiquitas Lost\"\" in 2003 while in training at the Tulane University School of Medicine. During Hurricane Katrina, he was the chief fellow for the Tulane cardiology training program and weathered the storm at the New Orleans VA Medical center in downtown New Orleans, directly across the street from the Louisiana Superdome. Though he later safely left the city, the manuscript for \"\"Antiquitas Lost\"\" was feared lost for several months. \"\"Antiquitas Lost\"\" had its world premiere at the 2011 New York Comic Convention (at the Javits convention center near Times Square) in October 2011.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18791018",
"chunk_text": "\"Travel Scholarships\"\nand repatriated to Britain where, having received notice of their adventure, they are received by the press and a large crowd. At the end, after their exciting and eventful trip, the students gather at their school for another busy year. \"\"Travel Scholarships\"\" was serialized in the \"\"Magasin d’Éducation et de Récréation\"\" from January 1 to December 15, 1903, and published in book form by the publishing house of Pierre-Jules Hetzel in two volumes on July 1, 1903 and November 9, 1903, respectively. A large-format \"\"grand-in-8º\"\" illustrated edition followed on November 19, 1903. The illustrator was Léon Benett. An English translation",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13140854",
"chunk_text": "\"Léon Werth\"\nin expectation of which Saint-Exupéry referred to it as \"\"\"\"un grand livre\"\"\"\" (an important book) in his 1942 novel \"\"Pilote de guerre.\"\" For reasons unclear it was never published, and the manuscript effectively disappeared. When Saint-Exupéry realized that an English translation of \"\"33 jours\"\" was not forthcoming, he extensively revised the preface (excising Werth's name to protect him) and published it as a stand-alone essay. \"\"Letter to a Hostage\"\" is an affecting meditation on home and exile set during the escape from France via Lisbon to the U.S. (he was on the same vessel as Jean Renoir) that enabled the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1609162",
"chunk_text": "\"Christian Science\"\nappeared on October 30, 1875, published in the name of the Christian Science Publishing Company. The book was positively received by Amos Bronson Alcott, who in 1876 wrote to Eddy that she had \"\"reaffirm[ed] in modern phrase the Christian revelations,\"\" and that he was pleased it had been written by a woman. The printer's proofreading had been poor. Martin Gardner called the first edition a \"\"chaotic patchwork of repetitious, poorly paragraphed topics,\"\" with spelling, punctuation and grammatical mistakes. Eddy changed printers for the second edition, which was also poorly proofread, and for the third edition in 1881 switched again, this",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13023742",
"chunk_text": "\"Marguerite Yourcenar\"\ndays after her birth. She grew up in the home of her paternal grandmother. She adopted the surname \"\"Yourcenar\"\" – an almost anagram of \"\"Crayencour\"\", having one fewer \"\"c\"\" – as a pen name; in 1947 she also took it as her legal surname. Yourcenar's first novel, \"\"Alexis\"\", was published in 1929. She translated Virginia Woolf's \"\"The Waves\"\" over a 10-month period in 1937. In 1939, her intimate companion at the time, the literary scholar and Kansas City native Grace Frick, invited Yourcenar to the United States to escape the outbreak of World War II in Europe. She lectured in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18259783",
"chunk_text": "\"H. Emilie Cady\"\nH. Emilie Cady Harriet Emilie Cady (July 12, 1848 – January 3, 1941) was an American homeopathic physician and author of New Thought spiritual writings. Her 1896 book \"\"Lessons in Truth, A Course of Twelve Lessons in Practical Christianity\"\" is now considered one of the core texts on Unity Church teachings. It is the most widely read book in that movement. It has sold over 1.6 million copies since its first publication, and has been translated into eleven languages and braille. She was born on July 12, 1848, in Dryden, New York, to Oliver Barlow Cady and Cornelia A. Philips.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4135950",
"chunk_text": "\"Ellen; or, The Fanatic's Daughter\"\nworse than black slaves, and all men are portrayed as being scheming, greedy capitalists. It is during her travels that Ellen comes across Parson Blake, an evil abolitionist priest who encourages abolitionism more to steal Southern wealth rather than to aid runaway slaves. Blake attempts several sinister schemes to deter Ellen from returning home, but Ellen luckily escapes his clutches and returns home safely to Louisiana. \"\"Ellen\"\" was first published in novelised form by S.H. Goetzel & Co. of Mobile, Alabama in 1860. Reaction to the novel is unknown, although one surviving copy of the work - currently in the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16638008",
"chunk_text": "\"The Count of Monte Cristo\"\n'Wait and Hope'\"\". \"\"The Count of Monte Cristo\"\" was originally published in the \"\"Journal des Débats\"\" in eighteen parts. Serialization ran from August 28, 1844 to January 15, 1846. The first edition in book form was published in Paris by \"\"Pétion\"\" in 18 volumes with the first two issued in 1844 and the remaining sixteen in 1845. Most of the Belgian pirated editions, the first Paris edition and many others up to the \"\"Lécrivain et Toubon\"\" illustrated edition of 1860 feature a misspelling of the title with \"\"Christo\"\" used instead of \"\"Cristo\"\". The first edition to feature the correct spelling",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6438594",
"chunk_text": "\"Ellen Douglas\"\nthe age of 91 on November 7, 2012. Margalit Fox writes that Douglas's work \"\"explored the epochal divide between the Old South and the New, examining vast, difficult subjects — race relations, tensions between the sexes, the conflict between the needs of the individual and those of the community — through the small, clear prism of domestic life.\"\" Ellen Douglas Ellen Douglas was the pen name of Josephine Ayres Haxton (July 12, 1921 – November 7, 2012), an American author. Her 1973 novel \"\"Apostles of Light\"\" was a National Book Award nominee. Douglas was born in Natchez, Mississippi, and grew",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3197996",
"chunk_text": "\"The Genius of Christianity\"\nThe Genius of Christianity The Genius of Christianity (French: \"\"Génie du christianisme\"\") is a work by the French author François-René de Chateaubriand, written during his exile in England in the 1790s as a defense of the Catholic faith, then under attack during the French Revolution. It was first published in France in 1802, after Chateaubriand had taken advantage of the amnesty Napoleon issued to émigrés, which had allowed him to return to his home country in 1800. Napoleon, who had just signed the Concordat with the pope, initially made use of Chateaubriand's book as propaganda to win support among French",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "801578",
"chunk_text": "\"Loren Eiseley\"\nThis book was originally published in 1946. Then, it was published again in 1957, a few years after the Piltdown Man hoax discovery. In the book Eiseley conveys his sense of wonder at the depth of time and the vastness of the universe. He uses his own experiences, reactions to the paleontological record, and wonderment at the world to address the topic of evolution. More specifically, the text concentrates on human evolution and human ignorance. In \"\"The Immense Journey\"\", Eiseley follows the journey from human ignorance at the beginning of life to his own wonderment about the future of mankind.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5587250",
"chunk_text": "\"Edwin Lefèvre\"\nbegan as a series of twelve articles published between 1922 and 1923 in \"\"The Saturday Evening Post\"\". It is written as first-person fiction, telling the story of a professional stock trader on Wall Street. While published as fiction, it is generally accepted to be the biography of stock market whiz Jesse Livermore. The book has been reprinted in almost every decade since its original publication in 1925, the latest put out by John Wiley & Sons in hardcover and paperback in 1994 which remains in print. It has been translated into the Chinese, German, French, Polish, and Italian languages, amongst",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15113852",
"chunk_text": "\"Lafcadio Hearn\"\nOrleans, where he initially wrote dispatches on the \"\"Gateway to the Tropics\"\" for the \"\"Commercial\"\". Hearn lived in New Orleans for nearly a decade, writing first for the newspaper \"\"Daily City Item\"\" beginning in June 1878, and later for the \"\"Times Democrat\"\". Since the \"\"Item\"\" was a 4-page publication, Hearn's editorial work changed the character of the newspaper dramatically. He began at the \"\"Item\"\" as a news editor, expanding to include book reviews of Bret Harte and Émile Zola, summaries of pieces in national magazines such as \"\"Harper's\"\", and editorial pieces introducing Buddhism and Sanskrit writings. As editor, Hearn created",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15582698",
"chunk_text": "\"The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself\"\n\"\"The Life of Josiah Henson, formerly a Slave: As Narrated by Himself\"\". It has now been reproduced by various publishing companies including Applewood Biks () and Dover Publications (). After the publication was released in 1849 it received little public attention until Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, \"\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\"\", was published in 1852. Soon after it became widely believed, and Stowe confirmed the connection, that Hensen's book and life experience was a major source of her work. This slave narrative, begins with an 'Advertisement.' In the case of this book, the use of the word Advertisement is not to introduce",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6906153",
"chunk_text": "\"Ellen Douglas\"\nEllen Douglas Ellen Douglas was the pen name of Josephine Ayres Haxton (July 12, 1921 – November 7, 2012), an American author. Her 1973 novel \"\"Apostles of Light\"\" was a National Book Award nominee. Douglas was born in Natchez, Mississippi, and grew up in Hope, Arkansas, and Alexandria, Louisiana. She graduated from the University of Mississippi in 1942. She later taught writing there. She adopted the pen name Ellen Douglas before the publication of \"\"A Family’s Affairs\"\" to protect the privacy of two aunts, on whose lives she had based much of the plot. Douglas died of heart failure at",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9051730",
"chunk_text": "\"David H. Keller\"\nclear that he fatally scanted the actual craft of writing, and that therefore he is likely never to be fully appreciated.\"\" Keller was born in Philadelphia and graduated from the School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1903. He served as a neuropsychiatrist in the U.S. Army Medical Corps during World Wars I and II, and was the Assistant Superintendent of the Louisiana State Mental Hospital at Pineville until Huey Long's reforms removed him from his position in 1928. That same year, Keller would travel to New York City to meet with Hugo Gernsback, publisher of \"\"Amazing Stories\"\",",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15092691",
"chunk_text": "\"William Seabrook\"\nVodou, which he witnessed and described firsthand both in Third World countries, as documented in \"\"The Magic Island\"\" (1929), and \"\"Jungle Ways\"\" (1930). He later concluded that he had seen nothing that did not have a rational scientific explanation, a theory which he detailed in \"\"Witchcraft: Its Power in the World Today\"\" (1940). In \"\"Air Adventure\"\" he describes a trip on board a Farman with captain Renè Wauthier, a famed pilot, and Marjorie Muir Worthington, from Paris to Timbuktu, where he went to collect a mass of documents from Father Yacouba, a defrocked monk who had an extensive collection of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1535429",
"chunk_text": "\"Jack Dann\"\nSections of \"\"Starhiker\"\" were serialized as two novellas in \"\"Amazing\"\" from June–September 1976, prior to the publication of the full novel version. It was translated into German, and published as \"\"Welten-Vagabund\"\" in 1979. The novel begins in a small town in the 19th-century fashioned Midwestern United States, which is separated from reality: apparently it is the only human settlement left on Earth, now situated close to Hell. Protagonist Ned Wheeler leaves the town, undertaking a journey into hell and emerging in a 20th-century New York where many have dreamt of him prior to his arrival. Science fiction writer Philip K.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_3607
|
character in macbeth who is murdered and appears as a ghost?
|
n/a
|
[
"Lord Banquo",
"Banquo"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14479323",
"chunk_text": "\"Ghost story\"\n\"\"Richard III\"\" also resemble the Senecan model, while the ghost in \"\"Hamlet\"\" plays a more complex role. The shade of Hamlet's murdered father in \"\"Hamlet\"\" has become one of the more recognizable ghosts in English literature. In another of Shakespeare’s works, \"\"Macbeth\"\", the murdered Banquo returns as a ghost to the dismay of the title character. In English Renaissance theatre, ghosts were often depicted in the garb of the living and even in armour. Armour, being out-of-date by the time of the Renaissance, gave the stage ghost a sense of antiquity. The sheeted ghost began to gain ground on stage",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15123566",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\nBanquo's suspicions, Macbeth arranges to have him murdered, by hiring two men to kill them, later sending a Third Murderer. The assassins succeed in killing Banquo, but Fleance escapes. Macbeth becomes furious: he fears that his power remains insecure as long as an heir of Banquo remains alive. At a banquet, Macbeth invites his lords and Lady Macbeth to a night of drinking and merriment. Banquo's ghost enters and sits in Macbeth's place. Macbeth raves fearfully, startling his guests, as the ghost is only visible to him. The others panic at the sight of Macbeth raging at an empty chair,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4223896",
"chunk_text": "\"Macduff (Macbeth)\"\nMacduff (Macbeth) Lord Macduff, the Thane of Fife, is a character in William Shakespeare's \"\"Macbeth\"\" (c.1603–1607). Macduff plays a pivotal role in the play: he suspects Macbeth of regicide and eventually kills Macbeth in the final act. He can be seen as the avenging hero who helps save Scotland from Macbeth's tyranny in the play. The character is first known from \"\"Chronica Gentis Scotorum\"\" (late 14th century) and \"\"Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland\"\" (early 15th century). Shakespeare drew mostly from \"\"Holinshed's Chronicles\"\" (1587). Although characterised sporadically throughout the play, Macduff serves as a foil to Macbeth and a figure of morality.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14237922",
"chunk_text": "\"Lady Macbeth\"\nLady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is a leading character in William Shakespeare's tragedy \"\"Macbeth\"\" (c.1603–1607). The wife of the play's tragic hero, Macbeth (a Scottish nobleman), Lady Macbeth goads her husband into committing regicide, after which she becomes queen of Scotland. Later, however, she suffers pangs of guilt for her part in the crime, which drives her to sleepwalk. She dies off-stage in the last act, an apparent suicide. According to some genealogists, Lady Macbeth and King Duncan's wife were siblings or cousins, where Duncan's wife had a stronger claim to the throne than Lady Macbeth. It was this that incited",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8272606",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (character)\"\nMacbeth (character) Lord Macbeth, the Thane of Glamis, is the title character and titular main protagonist turned primary antagonist of William Shakespeare's \"\"Macbeth\"\" (c. 1603–1607). The character is based on the historical king Macbeth of Scotland, and is derived largely from the account in \"\"Holinshed's Chronicles\"\" (1587), a history of Britain. Macbeth is a Scottish noble and a valiant military man. After a supernatural prophecy, and at the urging of his wife, Lady Macbeth, he commits regicide and becomes King of Scotland. He thereafter lives in anxiety and fear, unable to rest or to trust his nobles. He leads a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15415458",
"chunk_text": "Banquo\nMacbeth had already seen a hallucination before murdering Duncan: a knife hovering in the air. Several performances of the play have even ignored the stage direction to have the Ghost of Banquo enter at all, heightening the sense that Macbeth is growing mad, since the audience cannot see what he claims to see. Scholars opposing this view claim that while the dagger is unusual, ghosts of murdered victims are more believable, having a basis in the audience's superstitions. Spirits in other Shakespeare plays—notably \"\"Hamlet\"\" and \"\"Midsummer Night's Dream\"\"—exist in ambiguous forms, occasionally even calling into question their own presence. The",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14237929",
"chunk_text": "\"Lady Macbeth\"\norders him to return them to the scene of the crime. He refuses. She carries the daggers to the room and smears the drugged attendants with blood. The couple retire to wash their hands. Following the murder of King Duncan, Lady Macbeth's role in the plot diminishes. When Duncan's sons flee the land in fear for their own lives, Macbeth is appointed king. Without consulting his queen, Macbeth plots other murders in order to secure his throne, and, at a royal banquet, the queen is forced to dismiss her guests when Macbeth hallucinates. In her last appearance, she sleepwalks in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15123564",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\nMacbeth has to take charge. In accordance with her plan, she frames Duncan's sleeping servants for the murder by placing bloody daggers on them. Early the next morning, Lennox, a Scottish nobleman, and Macduff, the loyal Thane of Fife, arrive. A porter opens the gate and Macbeth leads them to the king's chamber, where Macduff discovers Duncan's body. Macbeth murders the guards to prevent them from professing their innocence, but claims he did so in a fit of anger over their misdeeds. Duncan's sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee to England and Ireland, respectively, fearing that whoever killed Duncan desires their",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14415151",
"chunk_text": "\"Macduff (Macbeth)\"\naccepts the burden of his decision to leave his family for political exploration, Macduff's actions can be justified. On screen Macduff has been portrayed by, Macduff (Macbeth) Lord Macduff, the Thane of Fife, is a character in William Shakespeare's \"\"Macbeth\"\" (c.1603–1607). Macduff plays a pivotal role in the play: he suspects Macbeth of regicide and eventually kills Macbeth in the final act. He can be seen as the avenging hero who helps save Scotland from Macbeth's tyranny in the play. The character is first known from \"\"Chronica Gentis Scotorum\"\" (late 14th century) and \"\"Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland\"\" (early 15th century).",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19799844",
"chunk_text": "\"Ghosts in English-speaking cultures\"\nuncle, King Claudius. In Shakespeare's \"\"Macbeth\"\", the murdered Banquo returns as a ghost to the dismay of the title character. In English Renaissance theater, ghosts were often depicted in the garb of the living and even in armor, as with the ghost of Hamlet's father. Armor, being out of date by the time of the Renaissance, gave the stage ghost a sense of antiquity. But the sheeted ghost began to gain ground on stage in the 19th century because an armored ghost could not satisfactorily convey the requisite spookiness: it clanked and creaked, and had to be moved about by",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15123563",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\nmurder Duncan in order to obtain kingship. When Macbeth arrives at Inverness, she overrides all of her husband's objections by challenging his manhood and successfully persuades him to kill the king that very night. He and Lady Macbeth plan to get Duncan's two chamberlains drunk so that they will black out; the next morning they will blame the chamberlains for the murder. They will be defenceless as they will remember nothing. While Duncan is asleep, Macbeth stabs him, despite his doubts and a number of supernatural portents, including a hallucination of a bloody dagger. He is so shaken that Lady",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5105273",
"chunk_text": "\"Lady Macduff\"\nLady Macduff Lady Macduff is a character in William Shakespeare's \"\"Macbeth\"\". She is the wife of Lord Macduff, the Thane of Fife, and the mother of an unnamed son and other children. Her appearance in the play is brief: she and her son are introduced in Act IV Scene II, a climactic scene that ends with her and her son being murdered on Macbeth's orders. Though Lady Macduff's appearance is limited to this scene, her role in the play is quite significant. Later playwrights, Sir William Davenant especially, expanded her role in adaptation and in performance. Macduff and Lady Macduff",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7468975",
"chunk_text": "Banquo\nBanquo Lord Banquo , the Thane of Lochaber, is a character in William Shakespeare's 1606 play \"\"Macbeth\"\". In the play, he is at first an ally to Macbeth (both are generals in the King's army) and they meet the Three Witches together. After prophesying that Macbeth will become king, the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself, but that his descendants will be. Later, Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered by two hired assassins; Banquo's son, Fleance, escapes. Banquo's ghost returns in a later scene, causing Macbeth to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15123558",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\nreceives a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become King of Scotland. Consumed by ambition and spurred to action by his wife, Macbeth murders King Duncan and takes the Scottish throne for himself. He is then wracked with guilt and paranoia. Forced to commit more and more murders to protect himself from enmity and suspicion, he soon becomes a tyrannical ruler. The bloodbath and consequent civil war swiftly take Macbeth and Lady Macbeth into the realms of madness and death. Shakespeare's source for the story is the account of Macbeth, King of Scotland; Macduff; and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10713385",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (2006 film)\"\nthem. Malcolm, Duncan's son, immediately suspects Macbeth as having something to do with his father's death and flees. After Macbeth is hailed as the new leader by most of Duncan's gang Macbeth sends two murderers to kill Banquo and his son, Fleance. The murderers kill Banquo, but Fleance escapes. Macbeth holds a celebratory dinner, and after learning that Banquo has been killed, sees a vision of Banquo's ghost at the dining table. Macbeth is becoming shaken by his desire for power. Lennox, Ross and others suspect Macbeth of killing Duncan and Banquo. Macbeth finds the three witches in his house",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20995974",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (1971 film)\"\nand utters Macbeth's name, but Macbeth stabs him to death. He then murders the guards. Fearing a conspiracy, Malcolm and Donalbain flee to England and Ireland, and the Thane of Ross realises Macbeth will be king. An opportunistic courtier, he hails Macbeth at Scone, while the noble Macduff heads back to his home in Fife. When Macbeth begins to fear possible usurpation by Banquo and his son Fleance, he sends two murderers to kill them, and then sends Ross as the mysterious Third Murderer. Banquo is killed, while Fleance escapes. After Banquo appears at a banquet as a ghost, Macbeth",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13886305",
"chunk_text": "Banquo\nand sits in Macbeth's place.\"\" Several television versions have altered this slightly, having Banquo appear suddenly in the chair, rather than walking onstage and into it. Special effects and camera tricks also allow producers to make the ghost disappear and reappear, highlighting the fact that \"\"only\"\" Macbeth can see it. Stage directors, unaided by post-production effects and camera tricks, have used other methods to depict the ghost. In the late 19th century, elaborate productions of the play staged by Henry Irving employed a wide variety of approaches for this task. In 1877 a green silhouette was used to create a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "668932",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (1971 film)\"\nseeks out the witches, who are performing a nude ritual. The witches and the spirits they summon deceive Macbeth into thinking he is invincible, as he cannot be killed except by a man not born of woman, and will not be defeated until \"\"Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane.\"\" After Macduff flees to England, Ross leaves Fife's castle doors open, so Macbeth's murderers can kill Lady Macduff and the rest of the family and servants. With nobles fleeing Scotland, Macbeth chooses a new Thane of Cawdor, bestowing the title on Seyton over Ross. Disappointed, Ross joins Malcolm and Macduff in England,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15425791",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (character)\"\nbut Fleance survives. Macbeth goes to the witches for counsel, and they tell him that he will not be defeated \"\"until Birnam wood move to high Dunsinane\"\", and that \"\"no man of woman born\"\" may harm him. Macbeth takes this to mean that he is invincible. Nevertheless, Macbeth decides to get rid of Macduff and sends assassins to kill him and his entire family. Macduff escapes harm, but his wife, her young son and their entire household are brutally murdered. Macduff swears revenge and joins forces with Malcolm to overthrow Macbeth. In Act V, Lady Macbeth is overcome with guilt;",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16593957",
"chunk_text": "\"Sleepwalking scene\"\nare informed she does commit suicide off-stage. A.C. Bradley indicates, with the exception of the scene's few closing lines, the scene is entirely in prose with Lady Macbeth being the only major character in Shakespearean tragedy to make a last appearance \"\"denied the dignity of verse.\"\" According to Bradley, Shakespeare generally assigned prose to characters exhibiting abnormal states of mind or abnormal conditions such as somnambulism, with the regular rhythm of verse being inappropriate to characters having lost their balance of mind or subject to images or impressions with no rational connection. Lady Macbeth's recollections - the blood on her",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18695032",
"chunk_text": "\"Third Murderer\"\nof Banquo, and then leads the murder of Lady Macduff, and is thus seen as \"\"thoroughly vicious\"\". Third Murderer The Third Murderer is a character in William Shakespeare's tragedy \"\"Macbeth\"\" (1606). He appears in one scene (3.3), joining the First and Second Murderers to assassinate Banquo and Fleance, at the orders of Macbeth. The Third Murderer is not present when Macbeth speaks to the First and Second Murderers, and is not expected by his partners. Although the Third Murderer is a small role, the identity of the character has been the subject of scholarly debate, and various productions have equated",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "820767",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (character)\"\nmake him audition for more Shakespearean plays and kills himself so he doesn't need to audition any more. On stage and film, Macbeth has been portrayed by many notable actors, including Sean Connery, Laurence Olivier, Christopher Eccleston, Alan Cumming, Sam Worthington, Orson Welles, Ian McKellen, Toshiro Mifune, Nicol Williamson, Jon Finch, Daniel Day-Lewis, James McAvoy, Jeremy Brett, Patrick Stewart, Dwij Vasavada, Alec Baldwin, Ethan Hawke, Michael Fassbender and Kenneth Branagh. Macbeth (character) Lord Macbeth, the Thane of Glamis, is the title character and titular main protagonist turned primary antagonist of William Shakespeare's \"\"Macbeth\"\" (c. 1603–1607). The character is based on",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10713388",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (2006 film)\"\nof surviving the attack, swiftly flee Dunsinane leaving Macbeth with only Seyton, his main bodyguard, and two others. The murderers run into Macduff and his associates at the edge of Burnham Wood and are shot. Malcolm leads his men to Dunsinane where they ambush the house and a gunfight ensues. Macbeth is chased to the cellar where he faces off with Macduff and is stabbed in the stomach. He stumbles upstairs to his bedroom, where the body of Lady Macbeth lies, and dies at her side. As Macduff leads Fleance, now the inherited gang leader, from the house Macbeth's \"\"tomorrow",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15123915",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\nwould already be aware that a ghost enters at that point. Ferdinand Fleck, notable as the first German actor to present Shakespeare's tragic roles in their fullness, played Macbeth at the Berlin National Theatre from 1787. Unlike his English counterparts, he portrayed the character as achieving his stature after the murder of Duncan, growing in presence and confidence: thereby enabling stark contrasts, such as in the banquet scene, which he ended babbling like a child. Performances outside the patent theatres were instrumental in bringing the monopoly to an end. Robert Elliston, for example, produced a popular adaptation of \"\"Macbeth\"\" in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18695027",
"chunk_text": "\"Third Murderer\"\ncharacter may only be an extra. In 1929, Professor Theodore Halbert Wilson said the question of who the character is always provoked interested debate among his students. In 1869, author Allan Park Paton advanced the argument that Macbeth personally served as the Third Murderer. Paton argued the successful killings of Banquo and Fleance were personally important to Macbeth, and that while the banquet that night was scheduled to start at 7 pm, Macbeth did not appear until midnight. Paton believes the Third Murderer extinguished a light to avoid recognition, and later, Macbeth tells Banquo's ghost something that sounds like \"\"In",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4223900",
"chunk_text": "\"Macduff (Macbeth)\"\n2, scene 3 to the drunken porter to report to his duty of awaking King Duncan when he is sleeping for the night at Macbeth's castle. When he discovers the corpse of King Duncan (murdered by Macbeth, but it appears that nearby guards are guilty since Macbeth—at the prodding of Lady Macbeth—put his knife by them and smeared them with Duncan's blood), he raises an alarm, informing the castle that the king has been murdered. Macduff begins to suspect Macbeth of regicide when Macbeth says, \"\"O, yet I do repent me of my fury / That I did kill them\"\"",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8272607",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (character)\"\nreign of terror until defeated by his former ally Macduff. The throne is then restored to the rightful heir, the murdered King Duncan's son, Malcolm. Shakespeare's version of Macbeth is based upon Macbeth of Scotland, as found in the narratives of the Kings Duff and Duncan in \"\"Holinshed's Chronicles\"\" (1587). The tragedy begins amid a bloody civil war in Scotland, where Macbeth is first introduced a valorous and loyal general in with the title of Thane of Glamis (which he inherited from his father Sinel) serving under the elderly King Duncan, who gives a colourful and extensive exaltation of Macbeth's",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18695025",
"chunk_text": "\"Third Murderer\"\nThird Murderer The Third Murderer is a character in William Shakespeare's tragedy \"\"Macbeth\"\" (1606). He appears in one scene (3.3), joining the First and Second Murderers to assassinate Banquo and Fleance, at the orders of Macbeth. The Third Murderer is not present when Macbeth speaks to the First and Second Murderers, and is not expected by his partners. Although the Third Murderer is a small role, the identity of the character has been the subject of scholarly debate, and various productions have equated him with other characters. The first two murderers are recruited by Macbeth in 3.1. In 3.3, the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7468984",
"chunk_text": "Banquo\nthe witches—reserves judgment for God. He is unsure whether Macbeth committed regicide to gain the throne, but muses in a soliloquy that \"\"I fear / Thou play'dst most foully for 't\"\". He offers his respects to the new King Macbeth and pledges loyalty. Later, worried that Banquo's descendants and not his own will rule Scotland, Macbeth sends two men, and then a Third Murderer, to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. During the melee, Banquo holds off the assailants so that Fleance can escape, but is himself killed. The ghost of Banquo later returns to haunt Macbeth at the banquet",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8272608",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (character)\"\nprowess and valor in battle. When the battle is won, largely due to Macbeth and his lieutenant Banquo, the Thane of Lochaber, Duncan honours his generals with high praise and sends the messenger Ross to deliver Macbeth his reward: the title of Thane of Cawdor, since its previous holder was to be executed for betraying Scotland and siding with the enemy. Macbeth and Banquo wander onto a heath following the conflict, where they encounter three witches who greet them with prophecies. They address Macbeth first, hailing him as Thane of Glamis and Cawdor, and that he shall be King afterwards,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12069339",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (1948 film)\"\nMichael. Welles later explained that the character's presence was meant to confirm that \"\"the main point of that production is the struggle between the old and new religions. I saw the witches as representatives of a Druidical pagan religion suppressed by Christianity – itself a new arrival.\"\" There is a subtle insinuation that Lady Macbeth fatally stabs Duncan prior to Macbeth's attack on the king, and Macbeth is witness to Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking and madness scene; in the play, he is not present. Other changes were made to make the play more cinematic. Nearly all of King Duncan's scenes at",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7468989",
"chunk_text": "Banquo\nthat Banquo can no longer be trusted to aid him in his evil, and considers his friend a threat to his newly acquired throne. Thus he has him murdered. Banquo's ability to live on in different ways is another oppositional force, in this case to Macbeth's impending death. His spirit lives on in Fleance, his son, and in his ghostly presence at the banquet. When Macbeth returns to the witches later in the play, they show him an apparition of the murdered Banquo, along with eight of his descendants. The scene carries deep significance: King James, on the throne when",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15123569",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\nkings. Macbeth realises that these are all Banquo's descendants having acquired kingship in numerous countries. After the witches perform a mad dance and leave, Lennox enters and tells Macbeth that Macduff has fled to England. Macbeth orders Macduff's castle be seized, and, most cruelly, sends murderers to slaughter Macduff, as well as Macduff's wife and children. Although Macduff is no longer in the castle, everyone in Macduff's castle is put to death, including Lady Macduff and their young son. Meanwhile, Lady Macbeth becomes racked with guilt from the crimes she and her husband have committed. At night, in the king's",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15425790",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (character)\"\nHe acknowledges that only the innocent sleep and that sleep is \"\"the balm of hurt minds\"\". The king's sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, fear they will be blamed for Duncan's death and flee the country. Macbeth is then crowned king. Macbeth becomes a tyrant, brutally stamping out any real or perceived threats to his power. He believes himself to be beyond redemption, \"\"in blood stepp'd in so far, that, ... returning were as tedious as go o'er\"\". Macbeth decides to hire two murderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance, with a Third Murderer sent later to assist. Banquo is murdered,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4223899",
"chunk_text": "\"Macduff (Macbeth)\"\nconstruction of Dunsinane castle, Macduff avoids the summons, arousing Macbeth's suspicions. Macduff leaves Scotland for England to prod Duncan's son, Malcolm III of Scotland, into taking the Scottish throne by force. Meanwhile, Macbeth murders Macduff's family. Malcolm, Macduff, and the English forces march on Macbeth, and Macduff kills him. Shakespeare follows Holinshed's account of Macduff closely, with his only deviations being Macduff's discovery of Duncan's body in 2.3, and Macduff's brief conference with Ross in 2.4. The ruins of Macduff's Castle lie in the village of East Wemyss next to the cemetery. Macduff first speaks in the play in act",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15991984",
"chunk_text": "\"Lady Macbeth\"\nand the Weird Sisters from the play \"\"use the metaphoric powers of language to call upon spiritual powers who in turn will influence physical events — in one case the workings of the state, in the other the workings of a woman's body.\"\" Like the witches, Lady Macbeth strives to make herself an instrument for bringing about the future She proves herself a defiant, empowered nonconformist, and an explicit threat to a patriarchal system of governance in that, through challenging his masculinity, she manipulates Macbeth into murdering King Duncan. Despite the fact that she calls him a coward, Macbeth remains",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15425792",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (character)\"\nshe dies and it is later postulated that she committed suicide. Now completely alone, Macbeth laments that life is a \"\"tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.\"\" By the end of the play Macbeth learns that the witches' second set of prophecies have hidden meanings: Malcolm's army carries shields made from Birnam wood to Macbeth's fortress in Dunsinane, and Macduff reveals that he was prematurely removed from his mother's womb, meaning that he technically was not \"\"of woman born\"\". Beaten but still defiant, Macbeth declares, \"\"Lay on Macduff, and damned be he who first cries,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15123565",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\ndemise as well. The rightful heirs' flight makes them suspects and Macbeth assumes the throne as the new King of Scotland as a kinsman of the dead king. Banquo reveals this to the audience, and while sceptical of the new King Macbeth, he remembers the witches' prophecy about how his own descendants would inherit the throne; this makes him suspicious of Macbeth. Despite his success, Macbeth, also aware of this part of the prophecy, remains uneasy. Macbeth invites Banquo to a royal banquet, where he discovers that Banquo and his young son, Fleance, will be riding out that night. Fearing",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15123570",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\npalace at Dunsinane, a doctor and a gentlewoman discuss Lady Macbeth's strange habit of sleepwalking. Suddenly, Lady Macbeth enters in a trance with a candle in her hand. Bemoaning the murders of Duncan, Lady Macduff, and Banquo, she tries to wash off imaginary bloodstains from her hands, all the while speaking of the terrible things she knows she pressed her husband to do. She leaves, and the doctor and gentlewoman marvel at her descent into madness. Her belief that nothing can wash away the blood on her hands is an ironic reversal of her earlier claim to Macbeth that \"\"[a]",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4401705",
"chunk_text": "\"Just Macbeth!\"\nmeets Danny and his son Fleance. Andy kills the king in his sleep. Everyone is shocked to hear that the king has been killed. Because Duncan's son is away, Macbeth was decided to be king. Andy becomes increasingly suspicious of Danny and the witch’s prophecy. He orders two assassins to kill Danny and Fleance. They succeed in killing Danny but Fleance escapes. At the banquet, Danny's ghost haunts Macbeth, who runs away from the ghost in fear. The others who can't see the ghost think Macbeth is going mad. Macbeth then goes to visit the witches again. The witches summon",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15123572",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\nElder), the Earl of Northumberland, against Dunsinane Castle. While encamped in Birnam Wood, the soldiers are ordered to cut down and carry tree limbs to camouflage their numbers. Before Macbeth's opponents arrive, he receives news that Lady Macbeth has killed herself, causing him to sink into a deep and pessimistic despair and deliver his \"\"Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow\"\" soliloquy (V.v.17–28). Though he reflects on the brevity and meaninglessness of life, he nevertheless awaits the English and fortifies Dunsinane. He is certain that the witches' prophecies guarantee his invincibility, but is struck with fear when he learns that the English",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3217205",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth in popular culture\"\nits depiction of Washizu, the Macbeth character, played by Toshiro Mifune. In a twist on Shakespeare's ending, the tyrant (having witnessed Spiderweb Forest come to Spiderweb Castle) is killed by volleys of arrows from his own archers after they come to the realization he also lied about the identity of their former master's murderer. George Schaefer directed Maurice Evans and Judith Anderson in a 1960 made-for-TV film which later had a limited European theatrical release. (The three had also worked together on the earlier \"\"Hallmark Hall of Fame\"\" 1954 TV version of the play.) Neither of the central couple was",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15123574",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\nlate that he has misinterpreted the witches' words. Though he realises that he is doomed, he continues to fight. Macduff kills and beheads him, thus fulfilling the remaining prophecy. Macduff carries Macbeth's head onstage and Malcolm discusses how order has been restored. His last reference to Lady Macbeth, however, reveals \"\"'tis thought, by self and violent hands / Took off her life\"\" (V.ix.71–72), but the method of her suicide is undisclosed. Malcolm, now the King of Scotland, declares his benevolent intentions for the country and invites all to see him crowned at Scone. Although Malcolm, and not Fleance, is placed",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14237931",
"chunk_text": "\"Lady Macbeth\"\nlines, the scene is entirely in prose with Lady Macbeth being the only major character in Shakespearean tragedy to make a last appearance \"\"denied the dignity of verse.\"\" According to Bradley, Shakespeare generally assigned prose to characters exhibiting abnormal states of mind or abnormal conditions such as somnambulism, with the regular rhythm of verse being inappropriate to characters having lost their balance of mind or subject to images or impressions with no rational connection. Lady Macbeth's recollections – the blood on her hand, the striking of the clock, her husband's reluctance – are brought forth from her disordered mind in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15123567",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\nuntil a desperate Lady Macbeth tells them that her husband is merely afflicted with a familiar and harmless malady. The ghost departs and returns once more, causing the same riotous anger and fear in Macbeth. This time, Lady Macbeth tells the lords to leave, and they do so. Macbeth, disturbed, visits the three witches once more and asks them to reveal the truth of their prophecies to him. To answer his questions, they summon horrible apparitions, each of which offers predictions and further prophecies to put Macbeth's fears at rest. First, they conjure an armoured head, which tells him to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3448389",
"chunk_text": "\"Macbeth (2015 film)\"\nshow him a vision of slain soldiers who tell him to beware of Macduff, and that Macbeth shall be King until Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill, where the royal castle is built. Finally, the ghost of the slain boy soldier who gave him the dagger tells Macbeth that he won't be slain by any man born of a woman. The King is found wandering the hills by Lennox who tells him that Macduff has fled to England. Anxious at this, in a fit of rage, Macbeth orders Macduff's family and servants to be killed. Lady Macduff and her",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6161545",
"chunk_text": "\"Scone, Scotland\"\nrest of Scotland. Scone is mentioned in William Shakespeare's tragedy \"\"Macbeth\"\" (Act 2, Scene 4), as a place for coronation of Macbeth after he kills the former King, his cousin Duncan. It is also the last word of the play: \"\"So, thanks to all at once and to each one / Whom we invite to see us crown'd at Scone.\"\" Scone, Scotland Scone () (; ) is a village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. The medieval village of Scone, which grew up around the monastery and royal residence, was abandoned in the early 19th century when the residents were removed",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18807291",
"chunk_text": "\"Kill Shakespeare\"\nwoods. While they travel through the woods they meet Puck, Falstaff then reveals that he's a Prodigal. Hamlet tries to get away from Falstaff, but instead Falstaff takes him to a brothel. The bandits attack the brothel, Hamlet and Falstaff escape dressed as women. At the same time, Richard is attempting to create an alliance with Macbeth. Lady Macbeth kills her husband because she's in league with Richard. Hamlet and Falstaff meet up with Juliet Capulet and Othello, the leaders of the Prodigal Rebellion. Falstaff tells them that Hamlet is the \"\"Shadow King\"\" but they don't believe it. Richard's army",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18695030",
"chunk_text": "\"Third Murderer\"\nthough the surprise may be feigned. Suggestions that the Third Murderer was the Thane of Ross were dismissed by Bertha D. Vives in 1933 for lack of evidence. Another proposed solution is that the character is a non-human personification of a concept such as Destiny. James Thurber published a humorous story \"\"The Macbeth Murder Mystery\"\" in \"\"The New Yorker\"\" in 1937, in which the narrator attempts to solve a whodunit claim that Macduff was the Third Murderer. In Marvin Kaye's 1976 book \"\"Bullets for Macbeth\"\", a stage director dies without telling anyone which character is the Third Murderer in his",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13926341",
"chunk_text": "Macbeth\nthe roles of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. It has been adapted to film, television, opera, novels, comics, and other media. The play opens amid thunder and lightning, and the Three Witches decide that their next meeting will be with Macbeth. In the following scene, a wounded sergeant reports to King Duncan of Scotland that his generals Macbeth, who is the Thane of Glamis, and Banquo have just defeated the allied forces of Norway and Ireland, who were led by the traitorous Macdonwald, and the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth, the King's kinsman, is praised for his bravery and fighting prowess. In",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_3608
|
when was as you like it first performed?
|
n/a
|
[
"1603"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13687928",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\n\"\"Young\"\". Donovan set \"\"Under the Greenwood Tree\"\" to music and recorded it for \"\"A Gift from a Flower to a Garden\"\" in 1968. Michael John Trotta composed a setting of \"\"Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind\"\" for choir in 2013. According to the history of radio station WCAL in the US state of Minnesota, \"\"As You Like It\"\" may have been the first play ever broadcast. It went over the air in 1922. On 1 March 2015, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a new production directed by Sally Avens with music composed by actor and singer Johnny Flynn of the folk rock",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13687925",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nsuffering an epidemic of bubonic plague. The King's Men were paid £30 to come to Wilton House and perform for the King and Court on 2 December 1603. A Herbert family tradition holds that the play acted that night was \"\"As You Like It.\"\" During the English Restoration, the King's Company was assigned the play by royal warrant in 1669. It is known to have been acted at Drury Lane in 1723, in an adapted form called \"\"Love in a Forest;\"\" Colley Cibber played Jaques. Another Drury Lane production seventeen years later returned to the Shakespearean text (1740). Notable recent",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13687932",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nis based on the \"\"Seven Ages of Man\"\" element of the \"\"All the world's a stage\"\" speech and was premiered in April 2016. As You Like It As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623. The play's first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility. \"\"As You Like It\"\" follows its heroine Rosalind as she flees persecution in her uncle's court, accompanied by her cousin Celia to find safety and, eventually,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13687924",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nin a serene pastoral setting, has been found, by many directors, to be especially effective staged outdoors in a park or similar site. There is no certain record of any performance before the Restoration. Evidence suggests that the premiere may have taken place at Richmond Palace on 20 Feb 1599, enacted by the Lord Chamberlain's Men. Another possible performance may have taken place at Wilton House in Wiltshire, the country seat of the Earls of Pembroke. William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke hosted James I and his Court at Wilton House from October to December 1603, while Jacobean London was",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12386989",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nAs You Like It As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623. The play's first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility. \"\"As You Like It\"\" follows its heroine Rosalind as she flees persecution in her uncle's court, accompanied by her cousin Celia to find safety and, eventually, love, in the Forest of Arden. In the forest, they encounter a variety of memorable characters, notably the melancholy traveller Jaques who speaks",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10779149",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nSir Oliver Martext's possible reference to the Marprelate Controversy which transpired between 1588 and 1589. On the basis of these references, it seems that \"\"As You Like It\"\" may have been composed in 1599–1600, but it remains impossible to say with any certainty. Though the play is consistently one of Shakespeare's most frequently performed comedies, scholars have long disputed over its merits. George Bernard Shaw complained that \"\"As You Like It\"\" is lacking in the high artistry of which Shakespeare was capable. Shaw liked to think that Shakespeare wrote the play as a mere crowdpleaser, and signalled his own middling",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13687929",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nband Johnny Flynn and The Sussex Wit. The production included Pippa Nixon as Rosalind, Luke Norris as Orlando, Adrian Scarborough as Touchstone, William Houston as Jaques, Ellie Kendrick as Celia and Jude Akuwudike as Corin. \"\"As You Like It\"\" was Laurence Olivier's first Shakespeare film. Olivier, however, served only in an acting capacity (performing the role of Orlando), rather than producing or directing the film. Made in England and released in 1936, \"\"As You Like It\"\" also starred director Paul Czinner's wife Elizabeth Bergner, who played Rosalind with a thick German accent. Although it is much less \"\"Hollywoody\"\" than the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11213388",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It (1936 film)\"\nAs You Like It (1936 film) As You Like It is a 1936 British film, directed by Paul Czinner and starring Laurence Olivier as Orlando and Elisabeth Bergner as Rosalind. It is based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. It was Olivier's first performance of Shakespeare on screen. It was the final film of stage actors Leon Quartermaine and Henry Ainley, and featured an early screen role for Ainley's son Richard as Sylvius, as well as for John Laurie, who played Orlando's brother Oliver. (Laurie would go on to co-star with Olivier in the three Shakespearean films that",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10779145",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nAyres\"\", published in London in 1600 contains a musical setting for the song \"\"It was a lover and his lass\"\" from \"\"As You Like It\"\". This evidence implies that the play was in existence in some shape or other before 1600. It seems likely this play was written after 1598, since Francis Meres did not mention it in his \"\"Palladis Tamia\"\". Although twelve plays are listed in \"\"Palladis Tamia\"\", it was an incomplete inventory of Shakespeare's plays to that date (1598). The new Globe Theatre opened some time in the summer of 1599, and tradition has it that the new",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13687926",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nproductions of \"\"As You Like It\"\" include the 1936 Old Vic Theatre production starring Edith Evans and the 1961 Shakespeare Memorial Theatre production starring Vanessa Redgrave. The longest running Broadway production starred Katharine Hepburn as Rosalind, Cloris Leachman as Celia, William Prince as Orlando, and Ernest Thesiger as Jaques, and was directed by Michael Benthall. It ran for 145 performances in 1950. Another notable production was at the 2005 Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, which was set in the 1960s and featured Shakespeare's lyrics set to music written by Barenaked Ladies. In 2014, theatre critic Michael Billington said his favourite",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5391160",
"chunk_text": "\"Nashville Shakespeare Festival\"\nTheatrevolution decided to produce a free Shakespeare play in Centennial Park in Nashville. Chambers Stevens, Chuck Guy, Ty Brown and Brenda Fowinkle founded and incorporated the Nashville Shakespeare Festival, whose first production was \"\"As You Like It\"\" by William Shakespeare and opened in the rain on August 5, 1988. Clara Hieronymus, the critic for \"\"The Tennessean\"\", gave the production a rave review after watching the entire show holding an umbrella. That summer, more than 1,000 audience members attended the six performances. Each summer 10,000 to 15,000 audience members now attend. Since 1988, 200,000 people have attended Shakespeare in the Park.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8434146",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It (2006 film)\"\nAs You Like It (2006 film) As You Like It is a 2006 film written and directed by Kenneth Branagh, and based on the Shakespearean play of the same name. It stars Bryce Dallas Howard as Rosalind, David Oyelowo as Orlando De Boys, Romola Garai as Celia, Adrian Lester as Oliver De Boys, Alfred Molina as Touchstone, Kevin Kline as Jaques, Janet McTeer as Audrey, and Brian Blessed as Duke Frederick and his brother Duke Senior. Branagh moved the play's setting from medieval France to a late 19th-century European colony in Japan after the Meiji Restoration. Branagh filmed it at",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13748514",
"chunk_text": "\"Craig Timberlake\"\nthe war. He made his Broadway debut as Go-To in Gilbert and Sullivan's \"\"The Mikado\"\" in October 1949, returning to Broadway three more through the summer of 1950 as Bob Beckett in \"\"H.M.S. Pinafore\"\", the Foreman of the Jury in \"\"Trial By Jury\"\", and Rowland in William Shakespeare's \"\"As You Like It\"\". The latter production starred Katharine Hepburn and toured throughout the United States. In the early 1950s, Timberlake joined Fred Waring's \"\"Pennsylvanians\"\", performing and recording with the group for many years. In 1954 he won the American Theatre Wing's singing competition which led to his New York City recital",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17604722",
"chunk_text": "\"Laurie Woolery\"\nadaptation of \"\"As You Like It\"\" premiered on September 1, 2017 at the Delacorte Theatre in New York City. As part of Public Works at The Public Theater’s mission of community engagement, the musical featured over 200 actors and community members and tickets were completely free to the public for all five nights of its run. Adapted from William Shakespeare's classic story, “As You Like It” is a dreamy production exploring themes of friendship, family, and love. Orlando, Duke Senior, his daughter Rosalind and niece Celia are exiled from their homes and flee to the magical and welcoming Forest of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16321627",
"chunk_text": "\"All the World's a Stage (album)\"\nAll the World's a Stage (album) All the World's a Stage is a double live album by Canadian rock band Rush, released in 1976. The album was recorded at Massey Hall in Toronto on June 11, 12, and 13 during their \"\"2112\"\" tour. The title of the album alludes to William Shakespeare's play \"\"As You Like It\"\", which would again be referenced by Rush in their 1981 song \"\"Limelight\"\". This performance of \"\"2112\"\" omits the \"\"Discovery\"\" and \"\"Oracle: The Dream\"\" sections of the studio recording. Although the final 32 seconds of \"\"Discovery\"\" are played as a lead-in to \"\"Presentation\"\", the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4347862",
"chunk_text": "\"Shakespeare Tavern\"\nShakespeare Tavern The Shakespeare Tavern is an Elizabethan playhouse located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The Tavern is home to the Atlanta Shakespeare Company and Chef for a Night catering, which offers British pub food and beverages before each performance. The Tavern has been located at 499 Peachtree Street since 1990. ASC's Artistic Director is Jeff Watkins. The Atlanta Shakespeare Company was started on May 16, 1984 by Jeffrey Watkins, who continues to serve as president of the company, which performed its first production of \"\"As You Like It\"\" at Manuel's Tavern on North Highland Avenue. Over a period",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8434149",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It (2006 film)\"\nprologue defines exactly the moment that Duke Frederick usurps his brother's kingdom, a moment that Shakespeare himself did not. The epilogue deliberately interrupts the closing credits with Rosalind's speech, as the camera pans to see Rosalind's actor, Bryce Dallas Howard, walking to her dressing trailer on the film's location. Despite the cultural transposition, Shakespeare's language and the names of his characters remain the same. The film closely follows Shakespeare's plot. Some critics praised the setting. Others found it useless and irrelevant, since few of the characters are Japanese. The film was released theatrically in Italy on 1 September 2006, in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18127349",
"chunk_text": "\"Folger Shakespeare Library\"\nBefore Folger Theatre productions began, the Elizabethan Theatre was used for concert performances and academic lectures. The theater, which seats around 260, has no pit. Painted on the ceiling is a well-known quote from \"\"As You Like It\"\": \"\"All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.\"\" The first theatrical performance in the Elizabethan Theatre was a 1949 production of \"\"Julius Caesar\"\" by the Amherst Masquers. The Folger Theatre Group formed in 1970 when the Elizabethan Theatre became compliant with Washington, D.C. fire safety laws. Early productions included \"\"Dionysus Wants You!\"\", which adapted \"\"The Bacchae\"\" into",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13687896",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\npiece has been a favourite of famous actors on stage and screen, notably Vanessa Redgrave, Juliet Stevenson, Maggie Smith, Rebecca Hall, Helen Mirren, and Patti LuPone in the role of Rosalind and Alan Rickman, Stephen Spinella, Kevin Kline, Stephen Dillane, and Ellen Burstyn in the role of Jaques. Main Characters: \"\"The Court of Duke Frederick:\"\" \"\"The Household of the deceased Sir Rowland de Boys:\"\" \"\"The Exiled Court of Duke Senior in the Forest of Arden:\"\" \"\"Country folk in the Forest of Arden:\"\" \"\"Other characters:\"\" The play is set in a duchy in France, but most of the action takes place",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10779142",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nprinted among his \"\"Canterbury Tales\"\". Although it was first printed in 1721, \"\"The Tale Gamelyn\"\" must have existed in manuscript form in Shakespeare's time. It is doubtful that Shakespeare had read it, but Lodge must have built his pastoral romance on the foundation of \"\"The Tale of Gamelyn\"\", giving it a pastoral setting and the artificial sentimental vein, much in fashion at the time. The tale provided the intertwined plots, and suggested all the characters except Touchstone and Jaques. Some have suggested two other minor debts. The first is Michael Drayton's \"\"Poly-Olbion\"\", a poetic description of England, but there is",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10779144",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nthe First Folio among those which \"\"are not formerly entered to other men.\"\" By means of evidences, external and internal, the date of composition of the play has been approximately fixed at a period between the end of 1598 and the middle of 1599. \"\"As You Like It\"\" was entered into the Register of the Stationers' Company on 4 August 1600 as a work which was \"\"to be stayed\"\", i.e., not published till the Stationers' Company were satisfied that the publisher in whose name the work was entered was the undisputed owner of the copyright. Thomas Morley's \"\"First Book of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10779146",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nplayhouse's motto was \"\"Totus mundus agit histrionem\"\"—\"\"all the Globe's a stage\"\"—an echo of Jaques' famous line \"\"All the world's a stage\"\" (II.7). This evidence posits September 1598 and September 1599 as the time frame within which the play was likely written. In Act III, vi, Phebe refers to the famous line \"\"Whoever loved that loved not at first sight\"\" taken from Marlowe's \"\"Hero and Leander\"\", which was published in 1598. This line, however, dates from 1593 when Marlowe was killed, and the poem was likely circulated in unfinished form before being completed by George Chapman. It is suggested in Michael",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11213389",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It (1936 film)\"\nOlivier directed.) Bergner had previously played the role of Rosalind in her native Germany and her German accent is apparent in most of her scenes. Duke Frederick (Felix Aylmer) has usurped and deposed his older brother, Duke Senior (Henry Ainley). Frederick allows the exiled Duke's daughter, Rosalind (Elisabeth Bergner), however, to stay, as she is the closest friend of his daughter, Celia (Sophie Stewart). Orlando (Laurence Olivier), who has been forced to flee his home due to the oppression from his brother, Oliver (John Laurie), comes to the Frederick's Duchy, and enters a wrestling tournament. On leaving the Duchy, Orlando",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10838886",
"chunk_text": "\"Orlando (As You Like It)\"\nusurped Duke Senior and is eventually united in marriage with Duke Senior's daughter, Rosalind. Actor Laurence Olivier played the character in a 1936 film with Elizabeth Bergner opposite him as Rosalind. Orlando (As You Like It) Orlando is a fictional character and the male lead in the comedy \"\"As You Like It\"\" (1599/1600) by William Shakespeare. Orlando is the younger son of the deceased Sir Rowland de Boys and brother of Oliver. He is brave, chivalrous, tender, modest, smart, strong, handsome and beloved by all. He resents the harsh treatment he receives at Oliver's hands and complains that Oliver is",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15809132",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It (1936 film)\"\nThe next day, Rosalind reveals herself. Orlando and Rosalind, Oliver and Celia, Silvius and Phoebe, and Touchstone and Audrey are all then married, and they learn that Frederick has also repented and decided to reinstate his brother as the Duke. The 1936 adaptation is the first time that the Shakespearean play was made into a sound film. It was directed in London by Paul Czinner, an Austrian Jew that fled his home country to avoid political persecution. The film stars his wife, Elizabeth Bergner, also an Austrian Jewish refugee. To the persecuted, the escape to the Forest of Arden does",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13687927",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nproduction of the play was Cheek by Jowl's 1991 production, directed by Declan Donnellan. Thomas Morley (c. 1557–1602) composed music for \"\"It was a lover and his lass\"\"; he lived in the same parish as Shakespeare, and at times composed music for Shakespeare's plays. In 1942, Gerald Finzi included a setting of \"\"It was a lover and his lass\"\" (V, iii) in his song cycle on Shakespearean texts \"\"Let Us Garlands Bring\"\". Cleo Laine sang a jazz setting of \"\"It was a lover and his lass\"\" on her 1964 album \"\"Shakespeare... and all that Jazz\"\". The composer is credited as",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8434150",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It (2006 film)\"\nGreece on 7 September 2006, and in the UK on 21 September 2007. In the United States, HBO began airing the film on TV on the evening of 21 August 2007, but it has never had a true theatrical release in the US, only occasional one-time showings, and most of these US showings took place after the film's television premiere. It is the only one of Branagh's Shakespeare films to be released directly to television instead of to theatres in the US. The DVD was released in the US on 25 September 2007. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4850236",
"chunk_text": "\"Dorothea Jordan\"\nof money. This situation forced Dorothea to work to help her siblings. Her mother, an actress by profession, saw potential in Dorothea and put her on the stage. Dora became a famous actress and was said to have the most beautiful legs ever seen on the stage. The historical record of Dora's first stage appearance is not clear. Some sources claim that Dora made her debut in 1777 in Dublin, as Phoebe in \"\"As You Like It,\"\" whilst others that suggest she premiered as Lucy in the Interlude \"\"The Virgin Unmask'd,\"\" on the 3rd November 1779. The knowledge of Dorothea's",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1855852",
"chunk_text": "\"Ohio Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio)\"\nrenovation, but plans were accelerated so that the theater could become the home of the Great Lakes Shakespeare Festival. The $4 million restoration took less than nine months, and on July 9, 1982, the Ohio Theatre became the first Playhouse Square theater to reopen, with 1,000 seats, playing Shakespeare's \"\"As You Like It\"\". The 1964 fire had so badly damaged the lobby that funding and time allowed for only a simple, contemporary design for the space in 1982. In 2016, Playhouse Square re-created the original 1921 lobby. The space was renamed \"\"the George Gund Foundation Lobby\"\" in recognition of a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14904368",
"chunk_text": "\"Frances Alsop\"\nand she and Alsop took up residence at no 11 Park Place (Mayfair). While the precise facts of Frances's dowry are unknown, the marriage was fraught with financial difficulties often caused by Alsop, and debts were usually met by Mrs Jordan. The couple eventually separated, with Alsop having passage arranged to the East Indies, where he died. It was not until 18 October 1815 that (as Mrs Alsop) Frances first took to the stage, at Covent Garden, in the role of Rosalind in Shakespeare's \"\"As You Like It\"\" and she was well received. She made her debut at the Drury",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13687931",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nYou Like It\"\", set in 19th-century Japan, was released in 2006, directed by Kenneth Branagh. It stars Bryce Dallas Howard, David Oyelowo, Romola Garai, Alfred Molina, Kevin Kline, and Brian Blessed. Although it was actually made for cinemas, it was released to theatres only in Europe, and had its U.S. premiere on HBO in 2007. And although it was not a made-for-television film, Kevin Kline won a Screen Actors Guild award for Best Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries for his performance as Jaques. \"\"The Seven Doors of Danny\"\", by Ricky Horscraft and John McCullough",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2162020",
"chunk_text": "\"Limelight (Rush song)\"\nLimelight (Rush song) \"\"Limelight\"\" is a song by the Canadian progressive rock band Rush. It first appeared on the 1981 album \"\"Moving Pictures\"\". The song's lyrics were written by Neil Peart with music written by Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson. \"\"Limelight\"\" expresses Peart's discomfort with Rush's success and the resulting attention from the public. The song paraphrases the opening lines of the \"\"All the world's a stage\"\" speech from William Shakespeare's play \"\"As You Like It\"\"; the band had previously used the phrase for its 1976 live album. The single charted at on the U.S. \"\"Billboard\"\" Top Tracks chart and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12141873",
"chunk_text": "\"Sybil Arundale\"\nSybil Arundale Sybil Arundale (20 June 1879 – 5 September 1965) was an English stage and film actress born Sybil Kelly. From age 11, Arundale appeared with her sister Grace in music halls, where they were billed as \"\"The Sisters Arundale\"\". An early dramatic role, in 1898, was Oberon in \"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream\"\" and later as Rosalind in \"\"As You Like It\"\". She appeared with the Birmingham Repertory Company, where she performed in Ibsen’s \"\"The Pillars of Society\"\" and \"\"The Wild Duck\"\". She also appeared in pantomime and musicals, including \"\"Dick Whittington and His Cat\"\", \"\"The Toreador\"\", \"\"Venus\"\" by",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11853914",
"chunk_text": "\"Riverside Shakespeare Company\"\nplay ended as the sun went down. The following fall the company staged \"\"As You Like It\"\" at the Manhattan Theatre Club's Stage 73, featuring Robert Boyle, Timothy Hall, Margo Gruber and Caryn West – all making their New York stage debut; with Kent Odell, Jim Maxson, Stuart Rudin, Ken Grantham, Timothy Hall, Peter Jensen, Kenneth Lane, Gannon McHale, Sheri Meyers, Uriel Menson, Brock Seawell, Daniel Tamm, and David Robert Westfall (stage manager), and directed by Eric Hoffmann, with set designed by David Lockner, costumes by Deborah Otte, lighting by Nat Cohen, and music by Deborah Awner. Hoffmann set Shakespeare's",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12279612",
"chunk_text": "\"Richmond Theatre\"\nmusic hall and pantomime performers have appeared there. In 2016, the theatre was honoured with the People's Choice Award at The Richmond Business Awards. Richmond Theatre The present Richmond Theatre, in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, is a British Victorian theatre located on Little Green, adjacent to Richmond Green. It opened on 18 September 1899 with a performance of \"\"As You Like It\"\". One of the finest surviving examples of the work of theatre architect Frank Matcham, the building, in red brick with buff terracotta, is listed Grade II* by Historic England. John Earl, writing in 1982, described",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3769237",
"chunk_text": "\"Bertram Wallis\"\nPrize. After his studies, his first role was Amiens in George Alexander's production of \"\"As You Like It\"\" in 1896. Edward German composed the music for the production, and Wallis's performance of his songs won praise: \"\"Mr. Bertram Wallis as Amiens sings his solos so well as to quite justify Jacques's remark, 'More, I pr'y thee, more'.\"\" Soon afterwards, he played in \"\"Much Ado About Nothing\"\", his last production of a Shakespeare play. In the early years of the 20th century, Wallis had his first successes on the musical stage. He sang in a five-man act called \"\"The Musketeers\"\" music",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11826445",
"chunk_text": "KCMP\n\"\"Old Main\"\" (the tallest nearby building), signals from these experiments were picked up as far away as New Zealand. Eventually, the college gained the call sign 9YAJ for the experimental station. Later, on May 6, 1922, the college was granted an AM radio license and the WCAL call sign. They would broadcast two programs per week during the school year at 770 kc. in the AM band. One notable achievement by the station in the next few years was the broadcast of William Shakespeare's play \"\"As You Like It\"\", apparently the first time a play had been broadcast on radio.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12386999",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nno evidence that the poem was written before \"\"As You Like It\"\". The second suggested source is \"\"The Historie of Orlando Furioso\"\" by Robert Greene, acted about 1592. It is suggested that Shakespeare derived the idea of Orlando's carving his lady's name on barks of trees from this play, but a lover carving love-poems on barks of trees was already in Lodge's tale. \"\"As You Like It\"\" was first printed in the collected edition of Shakespeare's plays, known as the First Folio, during 1623. No copy of it in Quarto exists, for the play is mentioned by the printers of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10735835",
"chunk_text": "\"Roberta Maxwell\"\nMolly Picon in \"\"A Majority of One\"\". In 1982, she starred as Rosalind in the Stratford Festival's stage production of Shakespeare's \"\"As You Like It\"\", a production which was videotaped and telecast on Canadian television in 1983. In 2011, she played the duchess of York in Richard III. She first traveled to New York at age 19 in 1960. She debuted on Broadway in \"\"The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie\"\" in 1968, going on to five more plays with the Tyrone Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In 1974, she was back on Broadway playing the role of Jill in \"\"Equus\"\",",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13687895",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nmany of Shakespeare's most famous speeches (such as \"\"All the world's a stage\"\", \"\"too much of a good thing\"\" and \"\"A fool! A fool! I met a fool in the forest\"\"). Jaques provides a sharp contrast to the other characters in the play, always observing and disputing the hardships of life in the country. Historically, critical response has varied, with some critics finding the play a work of great merit and some finding the work of lesser quality than other Shakespearean works. The play remains a favourite among audiences and has been adapted for radio, film, and musical theatre. The",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17859519",
"chunk_text": "\"Shakespeare Tavern\"\nDecember 16, 1998 as Atlanta Shakespeare Company Day. Shakespeare Tavern The Shakespeare Tavern is an Elizabethan playhouse located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The Tavern is home to the Atlanta Shakespeare Company and Chef for a Night catering, which offers British pub food and beverages before each performance. The Tavern has been located at 499 Peachtree Street since 1990. ASC's Artistic Director is Jeff Watkins. The Atlanta Shakespeare Company was started on May 16, 1984 by Jeffrey Watkins, who continues to serve as president of the company, which performed its first production of \"\"As You Like It\"\" at Manuel's",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13997802",
"chunk_text": "\"Albert Ketèlbey\"\ncompany; his father, who wanted his son to be a composer of serious music, disapproved of what he saw as a lightweight role. After a two-year tour Ketèlbey was appointed as musical director of the Opera Comique Theatre—at age 22, the youngest theatrical conductor in London at the time. He moved into a house in Bruton Street, in London's Mayfair, where he wrote the song \"\"Blow! Blow! Thou Winter Wind\"\", to words from Shakespeare's \"\"As You Like It\"\". The Opera Comique staged a successful revival of the musical \"\"Alice in Wonderland\"\" between December 1898 and March 1899, and according to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13687930",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nversions of \"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream\"\" and \"\"Romeo and Juliet\"\" made at about the same time, and although its cast was made up entirely of Shakespearean actors, it was not considered a success by either Olivier or the critics. Helen Mirren starred as Rosalind in the 1978 BBC videotaped version of \"\"As You Like It\"\", directed by Basil Coleman. In 1992, Christine Edzard made another film adaptation of the play. It features James Fox, Cyril Cusack, Andrew Tiernan, Griff Rhys Jones, and Ewen Bremner. The action is transposed to a modern and bleak urban world. A film version of \"\"As",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3696141",
"chunk_text": "\"Shaftesbury Theatre (1888)\"\nShaftesbury Theatre (1888) The Shaftesbury Theatre was a theatre in central London, England, between 1888 and 1941. It was built by John Lancaster for his wife, Ellen Wallis, a well-known Shakespearean actress. The theatre was designed by C. J. Phipps and built by Messrs. Patman and Fotheringham at a cost of £20,000 and opened with a production of \"\"As You Like It\"\" on 20 October 1888. The theatre had a stage of 28' 6\"\" square. The capacity was 1,196. It was located on the south side of Shaftesbury Avenue, just east of Gerrard Place. The theatre's first big hit was",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13768407",
"chunk_text": "\"Rosalind (As You Like It)\"\nplay directed by Basil Coleman, and Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2006 production directed by Kenneth Branagh. American actress Patti LuPone played the role at the Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis, after her award-winning portrayal of Eva Peron in the original Broadway run of \"\"Evita\"\". This caused much speculation because LuPone was leaving the Broadway stage and moving to \"\"regional\"\" work. Adrian Lester won a Time Out Award for his performance as Rosalind in Cheek by Jowl's 1991 production of \"\"As You Like It\"\". A male actor in the role (as would have been the norm in Shakespeare's time) underlines the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15809131",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It (1936 film)\"\nwith Ganymede, though he (she) continually rejects her. Sylvius (Richard Ainley), a shepherd, is in love with Phoebe, which complicates the matter. Meanwhile, Touchstone attempts to marry the simple farmgirl, Audrey (Dorice Fordred), before he can be stopped by Jaques (Leon Quartermaine), a Lord who lives with the exiled Duke. Orlando rescues Oliver from a lioness in the forest, causing Oliver to repent and re-embrace his brother. Ganymede, Orlando, Phoebe, and Silvius are brought together to sort out who marries whom. Ganymede proposes that Orlando promise to marry Rosalind, and Phoebe promise to marry Silvius if she cannot marry Ganymede.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12279609",
"chunk_text": "\"Richmond Theatre\"\nRichmond Theatre The present Richmond Theatre, in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, is a British Victorian theatre located on Little Green, adjacent to Richmond Green. It opened on 18 September 1899 with a performance of \"\"As You Like It\"\". One of the finest surviving examples of the work of theatre architect Frank Matcham, the building, in red brick with buff terracotta, is listed Grade II* by Historic England. John Earl, writing in 1982, described it as: \"\"Of outstanding importance as the most completely preserved Matcham theatre in Greater London and one of his most satisfying interiors.\"\" The theatre,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10779141",
"chunk_text": "\"As You Like It\"\nrepented his faults, deciding to restore his legitimate brother to the dukedom and adopt a religious life. Jaques, ever melancholic, declines their invitation to return to the court, preferring to stay in the forest and to adopt a religious life as well. Rosalind speaks an epilogue to the audience, commending the play to both men and women in the audience. The direct and immediate source of \"\"As You Like It\"\" is Thomas Lodge's \"\"Rosalynde, Euphues Golden Legacie\"\", written 1586-7 and first published in 1590. Lodge's story is based upon \"\"The Tale of Gamelyn\"\", wrongly attributed to Geoffrey Chaucer and sometimes",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18656558",
"chunk_text": "\"Caitlin Crosby\"\nCaitlin Crosby Caitlin Crosby is an American singer-songwriter and actress. While in junior high school, Crosby began playing music in church bands. During her teenage years, she was accepted into Beverly Hills High School theater program, where she first began her acting career. She landed the lead female role in the school's musical production of Shakespeare’s \"\"As You Like It\"\", and continued to receive roles in number of other productions within the theater program. Prior to becoming a musician, Crosby worked as an actress in various TV shows. Crosby had acting roles in \"\"Malcolm in the Middle\"\", \"\"Carnival Knowledge\"\", \"\"Truth",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19422200",
"chunk_text": "\"Thomas Hailes Lacy\"\nThomas Hailes Lacy Thomas Hailes Lacy (1809 – 1 August 1873) was a British actor, playwright, theatrical manager, bookseller, and theatrical publisher. Lacy made his West End stage debut in 1828 but soon turned manager, a position he held from 1841 at \"\"The Theatre\"\", Sheffield (destroyed by fire in 1935). The following year, Lacy married actress Frances Dalton Cooper (1819 - 1872) in that city; the couple also toured England together. Lacy's roles included Jacques (\"\"As You Like It\"\") and Banquo (\"\"Macbeth\"\"). In the mid-1840s Lacy withdrew from the stage and set up a business as a theatrical bookseller in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_3609
|
when did computer become widespread in homes and schools?
|
n/a
|
[
"1980s"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10401881",
"chunk_text": "\"Home computer\"\nHome computer Home computers were a class of microcomputers that entered the market in 1977, that started with what Byte Magazine called the \"\"trinity of 1977\"\", (the Apple II, the TRS-80 Model I, and the Commodore PET) and which became common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5047221",
"chunk_text": "Microcomputer\nthe introduction of the second generation, known as home computers, made microcomputers considerably easier to use than their predecessors because their predecessors' operation often demanded thorough familiarity with practical electronics. The ability to connect to a monitor (screen) or TV set allowed visual manipulation of text and numbers. The BASIC language, which was easier to learn and use than raw machine language, became a standard feature. These features were already common in minicomputers, with which many hobbyists and early produces were familiar. In 1979, the launch of the VisiCalc spreadsheet (initially for the Apple II) first turned the microcomputer from",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14539304",
"chunk_text": "\"Home computer\"\nmajority of cartridges were games. From the introduction of the IBM Personal Computer (ubiquitously known as the PC) in 1981, the market for computers meant for the corporate, business, and government sectors came to be dominated by the new machine and its MS-DOS operating system. Even basic PCs cost thousands of dollars and were far out of reach for typical home computerists. However, in the following years technological advances and improved manufacturing capabilities (mainly greater use of robotics and relocation of production plants to lower-wage locations in Asia) permitted several computer companies to offer lower-cost PC style machines that would",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "685871",
"chunk_text": "\"History of computing hardware (1960s–present)\"\nthe Altair 8800 and Apple I introduced around 1975 marked the release of low-cost 8-bit processor chips, which had sufficient computing power to be of interest to hobby and experimental users. By 1977 pre-assembled systems such as the Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80 (later dubbed the \"\"1977 Trinity\"\" by \"\"Byte\"\" Magazine) began the era of mass-market home computers; much less effort was required to obtain an operating computer, and applications such as games, word processing, and spreadsheets began to proliferate. Distinct from computers used in homes, small business systems were typically based on CP/M, until IBM introduced the IBM-PC,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10401930",
"chunk_text": "\"Home computer\"\nEventually techniques to suppress interference became standardized. In 1977, referring to computers used in home automation at the dawn of the home computer era, Digital Equipment Corporation CEO Ken Olsen is quoted as saying \"\"There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home.\"\" Despite Olsen's warning, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, from about 1977 to 1983, it was widely predicted that computers would soon revolutionize many aspects of home and family life as they had business practices in the previous decades. Mothers would keep their recipe catalog in \"\"kitchen computer\"\" databases and turn",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14539272",
"chunk_text": "\"Home computer\"\nmay be the sales outlet through which they are purchased. Another change from the home computer era is that the once-common endeavour of writing one's own software programs has almost vanished from home computer use. As early as 1965, some experimental projects such as Jim Sutherland's explored the possible utility of a computer in the home. In 1969, the Honeywell Kitchen Computer was marketed as a luxury gift item, and would have inaugurated the era of home computing, but none were sold. Computers became affordable for the general public in the 1970s due to the mass production of the microprocessor",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16510253",
"chunk_text": "\"Computers in the classroom\"\nComputers in the classroom Computers in the classroom include any digital technology used to enhance, supplement, or replace a traditional educational curriculum. As computers have become more accessible, inexpensive, and powerful, the demand for this technology has increased, leading to more frequent use of computer resources within classes, and a decrease in the student-to-computer ratio within schools. College campuses used computer mainframes in education since the initial days of this technology, and throughout the initial development of computers. The earliest large-scale study of educational computer usage conducted for the National Science Foundation by The American Institute for Research concluded that",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17296839",
"chunk_text": "\"Computers in the classroom\"\nschools became a major issue, leaving many teachers unable to provide enough computers for students to use. Despite this, by 1989 computer usage shifted from being a relative rarity in American public schools, to being present in nearly every school district. The early 1990s marked the beginning of modern media technology such as CD-ROMs as well as the development of modern presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint. Other computer-based technology including the electronic whiteboard and the laptop computer became widely available to students. In 1990, the Methodist Ladies' College became the first campus to require every student to purchase a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17502215",
"chunk_text": "\"Microcomputer revolution\"\nused by early mainframe and minicomputers, after a very short time interaction through a terminal was the preferred human/machine interface, and front panels became extinct. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, from about 1977 to 1983, it was widely predicted that computers would soon revolutionize many aspects of home and family life as they had business practices in the previous decades. Mothers would keep their recipe catalog in \"\"kitchen computer\"\" databases and turn to a medical database for help with child care, fathers would use the family's computer to manage family finances and track automobile maintenance. Children would use",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13545813",
"chunk_text": "\"Digital Revolution\"\nTandy. To this day the Commodore 64 is often cited as the best selling computer of all time, having sold 17 million units (by some accounts) between 1982 and 1994. In 1984, the U.S. Census Bureau began collecting data on computer and Internet use in the United States; their first survey showed that 8.2% of all U.S. households owned a personal computer in 1984, and that households with children under the age of 18 were nearly twice as likely to own one at 15.3% (middle and upper middle class households were the most likely to own one, at 22.9%). By",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17502211",
"chunk_text": "\"Microcomputer revolution\"\nMicrocomputer revolution The microcomputer revolution (or personal computer revolution or digital revolution) is a phrase used to describe the rapid advances of microprocessor-based computers from esoteric hobby projects to a commonplace fixture of homes in industrial societies during the 1970s and 1980s. Prior to 1977, the only contact most of the population had with computers was through utility bills, bank and payroll services, or computer-generated junk mail. Within a decade, computers became common consumer goods. The advent of affordable personal computers has had lasting impact on education, business, music, social interaction, and entertainment. The minicomputer ancestors of the modern personal",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9776510",
"chunk_text": "\"Personal computer\"\nreferred to as the \"\"Apple\"\") was announced with the first units being shipped 10 June, 1977, and the TRS-80 from Tandy Corporation / Tandy Radio Shack following in August 1977, which sold over 100,000 units during its lifetime. Together, these 3 machines were referred to as the \"\"1977 trinity\"\". Mass-market, ready-assembled computers had arrived, and allowed a wider range of people to use computers, focusing more on software applications and less on development of the processor hardware. During the early 1980s, home computers were further developed for household use, with software for personal productivity, programming and games. They typically could",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1706788",
"chunk_text": "\"History of computing hardware\"\nfor industry, business and universities. It became possible to simulate analog circuits with the \"\"simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis\"\", or SPICE (1971) on minicomputers, one of the programs for electronic design automation (). The microprocessor led to the development of the microcomputer, small, low-cost computers that could be owned by individuals and small businesses. Microcomputers, the first of which appeared in the 1970s, became ubiquitous in the 1980s and beyond. While which specific system is considered the first microcomputer is a matter of debate, as there were several unique hobbyist systems developed based on the Intel 4004 and its",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10260175",
"chunk_text": "\"History of personal computers\"\nHistory of personal computers The history of the personal computer as a mass-market consumer electronic device began with the microcomputer revolution of the 1980s. The 1981 launch of the IBM Personal Computer coined both the term \"\"Personal Computer\"\" and \"\"PC\"\". A personal computer is one intended for interactive individual use, as opposed to a mainframe computer where the end user's requests are filtered through operating staff, or a time-sharing system in which one large processor is shared by many individuals. After the development of the microprocessor, individual personal computers were low enough in cost that they eventually became affordable consumer",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18211020",
"chunk_text": "\"Educational software\"\nin 1975, changed the field of software in general, with specific implications for educational software. Whereas users prior to 1975 were dependent upon university or government owned mainframe computers with timesharing, users after this shift could create and use software for computers in homes and schools, computers available for less than $2000. By the early 1980s, the availability of personal computers including the Apple II (1977), Commodore PET (1977), Commodore VIC-20 (1980), and Commodore 64 (1982) allowed for the creation of companies and nonprofits which specialized in educational software. Brøderbund and The Learning Company are key companies from this period,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10401946",
"chunk_text": "\"Home computer\"\naway. Assisted by a large public domain software library and promotional offers from Commodore, the PET had a sizable presence in the North American education market until that segment was largely ceded to the Apple II as Commodore focused on the C-64's success in the mass retail market. Three microcomputers were the prototypes for what would later become the home computer market segment; but when introduced they sold as much to hobbyists and small businesses as to the home. The following computers also introduced significant advancements to the home computer segment: Home computer Home computers were a class of microcomputers",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16510255",
"chunk_text": "\"Computers in the classroom\"\nat some point in their college careers. Walter Koetke, the director of a Lexington, Massachusetts school system commented that, \"\"It's still possible for a student to get through here without using the computer, but he would certainly have to try to do it\"\". Computer-aided instruction gained widespread acceptance in schools by the early 1980s. It was during this period that drilling and practice programs were first developed for exclusive classroom use. Schools became divided over which computer manufacturers they were willing to support, with grade schools generally using Apple computers and high schools preferring DOS based machines. Hardware shortages in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12236445",
"chunk_text": "\"1970s in science and technology\"\nrewritten into it in 1973. With \"\"large-scale integration\"\" possible for integrated circuits (microchips) rudimentary personal computers began to be produced along with pocket calculators. Notable home computers released in North America of the era are the Apple II, the TRS-80, the Commodore PET, and Atari 400/800 and the NEC PC-8001 in Japan. The availability of affordable personal computers led to the first popular wave of internetworking with the first bulletin board systems. In 1976, Cray Research, Inc. introduced the first supercomputer, the Cray-1, which could perform 230,000,000 calculations per second. Supercomputers designed by Cray continued to dominate the market throughout",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6011851",
"chunk_text": "\"Computer literacy\"\ncomputers have made Numbers more flexible to some extent. In the United Kingdom, the BBC Computer Literacy Project and the BBC Micro, which ran from 1980 to 1989, educated a generation of coders in schools and at home, prior to the development of mass market PCs in the 1990s. The ZX Spectrum, released in 1982, helped to popularize home computing, coding and gaming in Britain and was also popular in other countries. On development, many computers have long since evolved to use data computing, and now use computers in three standard ways: batch, online, and real-time. Reading and writing are",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14539327",
"chunk_text": "\"Home computer\"\nto do with a pocket calculator and a box of index cards\"\". \"\"inCider\"\" observed that \"\"companies cannot live by dilettantes alone\"\". Gutman wrote that when the first computer boom ended in 1984, \"\"Suddenly, everybody was saying that the home computer was a fad, just another hula hoop\"\". Robert Lydon, publisher of \"\"Personal Computing\"\", stated in 1985 that the home market \"\"never really existed. It was a fad. Just about everyone who was going to buy a computer for their home has done it\"\", and predicted that Apple would cease to exist within two years. A backlash set in; computer users",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16510254",
"chunk_text": "\"Computers in the classroom\"\n13% of the nation's public high schools used computers for instruction, although non-users still outnumbered users at a ratio of 2 to 1. The study also concluded that computers proved to be very popular with students, and that applications run on early models included sports statistic managers, administration tools, and physics simulators. In 1975, Apple Inc. began donating Apple 1 model computers to schools, and mainframes began to lose their former dominance over academic research. Computer usage continued to grow rapidly throughout this era. In 1977, it was estimated that over 90% of students at Dartmouth College had used computers",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11455292",
"chunk_text": "\"Homebuilt computer\"\nmanufacturer. However, there were kits that were both home computers and homebuilt computers, like the Newbear 77-68, which the owner was expected to assemble and use in his or her home. Computers have been built at home for a long time, starting with the Victorian era pioneer Charles Babbage in the 1820s. A century later, Konrad Zuse built his own machine when electromechanical relay technology was widely available. In 1965 electronics engineer James Sutherland started building a computer out of surplus parts from his job at Westinghouse. The hobby really took off with the early development of microprocessors, and since",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "575679",
"chunk_text": "\"History of personal computers\"\n(TI), at the time the world's largest chip manufacturer, decided to enter the home computer market with the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A. Announced long before its arrival, most industry observers expected the machine to wipe out all competition – on paper its performance was untouchable, and TI had enormous cash reserves and development capability. When it was released in late 1979, TI took a somewhat slow approach to introducing it, initially focusing on schools. Contrary to earlier predictions, the TI-99's limitations meant it was not the giant-killer everyone expected, and a number of its design features were highly controversial. A total",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18902893",
"chunk_text": "\"Microcomputer revolution\"\n1997 US computer ownership stood at 35% and household expenditure on computer equipment more than tripled. Many competing computer platforms and CPU architectures fell out of favor over the years until by 2010 the x86 architecture was the most common in use for the desktop computer. Microcomputer revolution The microcomputer revolution (or personal computer revolution or digital revolution) is a phrase used to describe the rapid advances of microprocessor-based computers from esoteric hobby projects to a commonplace fixture of homes in industrial societies during the 1970s and 1980s. Prior to 1977, the only contact most of the population had with",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9776507",
"chunk_text": "\"Personal computer\"\nstorage. These were generally expensive specialized computers sold for business or scientific uses. The introduction of the microprocessor, a single chip with all the circuitry that formerly occupied large cabinets, led to the proliferation of personal computers after 1975. 1974 saw the introduction of what is considered by many to be the first true \"\"personal computer\"\", the Altair 8800 created by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). Based on the 8-bit Intel 8080 Microprocessor, the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution as the first commercially successful personal computer. The computer bus designed for the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2850426",
"chunk_text": "Microcomputer\nMicrocomputer A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal input/output (I/O) circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board. Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 1980s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. The predecessors to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger and more expensive (though indeed present-day mainframes such as the IBM System z machines use one or more custom microprocessors as their CPUs). Many microcomputers (when equipped with a keyboard and screen for input and output) are also",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2602102",
"chunk_text": "\"Digital transformation\"\nthe development of the first electromechanical computer from his discovery of the automatic computing relays as well as the term 'digital'. The first electronic computer was introduced by John Atanasoff in 1939. The process of digitalization thereafter accelerated, with the development of personal computers such as the Simon in 1950, Apple II in 1977 and IBM PC in 1981. With the introduction of the World Wide Web, the scope, dimension, scale, speed as well as effects of digitalization fundamentally changed, resulting in the increased pressure on the societal transformation process. In 2000, digitalization began to be used more widely as",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3962388",
"chunk_text": "\"Home computer\"\nin terms of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were playing video games, but they were also regularly used for word processing, doing homework, and programming. Home computers were usually not electronic kits; home computers were sold already manufactured in stylish metal or plastic enclosures. There were, however, commercial kits like the Sinclair ZX80 which were both home and home-built computers since the purchaser could assemble the unit from a kit. Advertisements in the popular press for early home computers were rife with possibilities for",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10260178",
"chunk_text": "\"History of personal computers\"\nthe markets which \"\"Byte\"\" would refer to as the \"\"1977 Trinity\"\" of personal computing. The Apple II and the PET 2001 were advertised as \"\"personal computers\"\", while the TRS-80 was described as a microcomputer used for household tasks including \"\"\"\"personal\"\" financial management\"\". By 1979, over half a million microcomputers were sold and the youth of the day had a new concept of the personal computer. The history of the personal computer as mass-market consumer electronic devices effectively began in 1977 with the introduction of microcomputers, although some mainframe and minicomputers had been applied as single-user systems much earlier. A personal",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2500881",
"chunk_text": "BASIC\noften 4 kB, a variety of Tiny BASIC dialects were also created. BASIC was available for almost any system of the era, and naturally became the \"\"de facto\"\" programming language for the home computer systems that emerged in the late 1970s. These machines almost always had a BASIC installed by default, often in the machine's firmware or sometimes on a ROM cartridge. BASIC fell from use during the later 1980s as newer machines with far greater capabilities came to market and other programming languages (such as Pascal and C) became tenable. In 1991, Microsoft released Visual Basic, combining a greatly",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10401934",
"chunk_text": "\"Home computer\"\nencyclopedias or databases of financial records; floppy disk-based storage was inadequate in both capacity and speed for multimedia work; and the home computers' graphics chips could only display blocky, unrealistic images and blurry, jagged text that would be difficult to read a newspaper from. Although CD-ROM technology was introduced in 1985 with much promise for its future use, the drives were prohibitively expensive and only interfaced with IBM PCs and compatibles. The \"\"Boston Phoenix\"\" stated in 1983 that \"\"people are catching on to the fact that 'applications' like balancing your checkbook and filing kitchen recipes are actually faster and easier",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17502218",
"chunk_text": "\"Microcomputer revolution\"\nor financial records, floppy disk-based storage was inadequate in both capacity and speed for multimedia work, and the graphics of the systems could only display blocky, unrealistic images and blurry, jagged text. Before long, a backlash set in—computer users were \"\"geeks\"\", \"\"nerds\"\" or worse, \"\"hackers\"\". The North American video game crash of 1983 soured many on home computer technology. The computers that were purchased for use in the family room were either forgotten in closets or relegated to basements and children's bedrooms to be used exclusively for games and the occasional book report. In 1977, referring to computers used in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20611327",
"chunk_text": "\"History of computing hardware (1960s–present)\"\nuniversity computing center. In addition, minicomputers were more interactive than mainframes, and soon had their own operating systems. The minicomputer Xerox Alto (1973) was a landmark step in the development of personal computers, because of its graphical user interface, bit-mapped high resolution screen, large internal and external memory storage, mouse, and special software. In the minicomputer ancestors of the modern personal computer, processing was carried out by circuits with large numbers of components arranged on multiple large printed circuit boards. Minicomputers were consequently physically large and expensive to produce compared with later microprocessor systems. After the \"\"computer-on-a-chip\"\" was commercialized, the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1742048",
"chunk_text": "\"Educational technology\"\nStanford University psychology professors Patrick Suppes and Richard C. Atkinson experimented with using computers to teach arithmetic and spelling via Teletypes to elementary school students in the Palo Alto Unified School District in California. Stanford's Education Program for Gifted Youth is descended from those early experiments. Online education originated from the University of Illinois in 1960. Although internet would not be created for another nine years, students were able to access class information with linked computer terminals. The first online course was offered in 1986 by the Electronic University Network for DOS and Commodore 64 computers. Computer Assisted Learning eventually",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5047209",
"chunk_text": "Microcomputer\nspeech. In common usage, \"\"microcomputer\"\" has been largely supplanted by the term \"\"personal computer\"\" or \"\"PC\"\", which specifies a computer that has been designed to be used by one individual at a time, a term first coined in 1959. IBM first promoted the term \"\"personal computer\"\" to differentiate themselves from other microcomputers, often called \"\"home computers\"\", and also IBM's own mainframes and minicomputers. However, following its release, the IBM PC itself was widely imitated, as well as the term. The component parts were commonly available to producers and the BIOS was reverse engineered through cleanroom design techniques. IBM PC compatible",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5047222",
"chunk_text": "Microcomputer\na hobby for computer enthusiasts into a business tool. After the 1981 release by IBM of its IBM PC, the term personal computer became generally used for microcomputers compatible with the IBM PC architecture (PC compatible). Microcomputer A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal input/output (I/O) circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board. Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 1980s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. The predecessors to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger and more",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14539276",
"chunk_text": "\"Home computer\"\nof the Radio Shack TRS-80, the Commodore PET and the Apple II in 1977, almost every manufacturer of consumer electronics rushed to introduce a home computer. Large numbers of new machines of all types began to appear during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Mattel, Coleco, Texas Instruments and Timex, none of which had any previous connection to the computer industry, all had short-lived home computer lines in the early 1980s. Some home computers were more successful – the BBC Micro, Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Atari 800XL and Commodore 64, sold many units over several years and attracted third-party software development.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4843838",
"chunk_text": "\"Altair 8800\"\ndefect\"\" rumor has appeared in many accounts over the years although both MITS and Intel issued written denials in 1975. For a decade, colleges had required science and engineering majors to take a course in computer programming, typically using the FORTRAN or BASIC languages. This meant there was a sizable customer base who knew about computers. In 1970, electronic calculators were not seen outside of a laboratory, but by 1974 they were a common household item. Calculators and video games like Pong introduced computer power to the general public. Electronics hobbyists were moving on to digital projects such as digital",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10401889",
"chunk_text": "\"Home computer\"\nplace to plug in cartridge-based games. Usually the manufacturer would sell peripheral devices designed to be compatible with their computers as extra cost accessories. Peripherals and software were not often interchangeable between different brands of home computer, or even between successive models of the same brand. To save the cost of a dedicated monitor, the home computer would often connect through an RF modulator to the family TV set, which served as both video display and sound system. By 1982, an estimated 621,000 home computers were in American households, at an average sales price of US$530 (). After the success",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "685869",
"chunk_text": "\"History of computing hardware (1960s–present)\"\nas per published designs. For example, many thousands of people built the Galaksija home computer later in the early 1980s. It was arguably the Altair computer that spawned the development of Apple, as well as Microsoft which produced and sold the Altair BASIC programming language interpreter, Microsoft's first product. The second generation of microcomputers, those that appeared in the late 1970s, sparked by the unexpected demand for the kit computers at the electronic hobbyist clubs, were usually known as home computers. For business use these systems were less capable and in some ways less versatile than the large business computers",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18211019",
"chunk_text": "\"Educational software\"\nto schools the materials developed through the IBM partnership. Early terminals that ran educational systems cost over $10,000, putting them out of reach of most institutions. Some programming languages from this period, p3), and LOGO (1967) can also be considered educational, as they were specifically targeted to students and novice computer users. The PLATO IV system, released in 1972, supported many features which later became standard in educational software running on home computers. Its features included bitmap graphics, primitive sound generation, and support for non-keyboard input devices, including the touchscreen. The arrival of the personal computer, with the Altair 8800",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10401932",
"chunk_text": "\"Home computer\"\napplication. Morning coffee would be brewed automatically under computer control. The same household computer would control the home's lighting and temperature. Robots would take the garbage out, and be programmed to perform new tasks via the home computer. Electronics were expensive, so it was generally assumed that each home would have only one computer for the entire family to use. Home control would be performed in a multitasking time-sharing arrangement, with interfaces to the various devices it was expected to control. All this was predicted to be commonplace by the end of the 1980s, but by 1987 Dan Gutman wrote",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10260180",
"chunk_text": "\"History of personal computers\"\nintroduction of the microprocessor in the early 1970s, computers were generally large, costly systems owned by large corporations, universities, government agencies, and similar-sized institutions. End users generally did not directly interact with the machine, but instead would prepare tasks for the computer on off-line equipment, such as card punches. A number of assignments for the computer would be gathered up and processed in batch mode. After the job had completed, users could collect the results. In some cases, it could take hours or days between submitting a job to the computing center and receiving the output. A more interactive form",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13545817",
"chunk_text": "\"Digital Revolution\"\nBy 1999 almost every country had a connection, and nearly half of Americans and people in several other countries used the Internet on a regular basis. However throughout the 1990s, \"\"getting online\"\" entailed complicated configuration, and dial-up was the only connection type affordable by individual users; the present day mass Internet culture was not possible. In 1989 about 15% of all households in the United States owned a personal computer, by 2000, this was up to 51%; for households with children nearly 30% owned a computer in 1989, and in 2000 65% owned one. Cell phones became as ubiquitous as",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16235980",
"chunk_text": "\"Classes of computers\"\nClasses of computers Computers can be classified, or typed, in many ways. Some common classifications of digital computers are summarized below. For others see . Microcomputers became the most common type of computer in the late 20th century. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of systems based on single chip microprocessors. The best-known early system was the Altair 8800, introduced in 1975. The term \"\"microcomputer\"\" has practically become an anachronism. These computers include: Smaller microcomputers are also called mobile devices: Minicomputers (colloquially, minis) are a class of multi-user computers that lie in the middle range of the computing",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "685872",
"chunk_text": "\"History of computing hardware (1960s–present)\"\nwhich was quickly adopted. The PC was heavily cloned, leading to mass production and consequent cost reduction throughout the 1980s. This expanded the PCs presence in homes, replacing the home computer category during the 1990s and leading to the current monoculture of architecturally identical personal computers. History of computing hardware (1960s–present) The history of computing hardware starting at 1960 is marked by the conversion from vacuum tube to solid-state devices such as the transistor and later the integrated circuit. By 1959 discrete transistors were considered sufficiently reliable and economical that they made further vacuum tube computers uncompetitive. Computer main memory",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18756375",
"chunk_text": "\"History of personal computers\"\nUnited States. As of June 2008, the number of personal computers worldwide in use hit one billion. Mature markets like the United States, Western Europe and Japan accounted for 58 percent of the worldwide installed PCs. About 180 million PCs (16 percent of the existing installed base) were expected to be replaced and 35 million to be dumped into landfill in 2008. The whole installed base grew 12 percent annually. History of personal computers The history of the personal computer as a mass-market consumer electronic device began with the microcomputer revolution of the 1980s. The 1981 launch of the IBM",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17427067",
"chunk_text": "\"Information Age\"\nInformation Age was enabled by technology developed in the Digital Revolution, which was itself enabled by building on the developments in the Technological Revolution. Before the advent of electronics, mechanical computers, like the Analytical Engine in 1837, were designed to provide routine mathematical calculation and simple decision-making capabilities. Military needs during World War II drove development of the first electronic computers, based on vacuum tubes, including the Z3, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, Colossus computer, and ENIAC. The invention of the transistor in 1947 enabled the era of mainframe computers (1950s – 1970s), typified by the IBM 360. These large, room-sized computers",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15437959",
"chunk_text": "Computer\ndevelopment and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using 200 kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The principle of the modern computer was proposed by Alan Turing in his seminal 1936 paper, \"\"On Computable Numbers\"\". Turing proposed a simple device that he called \"\"Universal Computing machine\"\" and that is now known as a universal Turing machine. He proved that such a machine is capable of computing anything that is computable by executing",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13545812",
"chunk_text": "\"Digital Revolution\"\nwas popularized, the data entry clerk. Culled from the ranks of secretaries and typists from earlier decades, the data entry clerk's job was to convert analog data (customer records, invoices, etc.) into digital data. In developed nations, computers achieved semi-ubiquity during the 1980s as they made their way into schools, homes, business, and industry. Automated teller machines, industrial robots, CGI in film and television, electronic music, bulletin board systems, and video games all fueled what became the zeitgeist of the 1980s. Millions of people purchased home computers, making household names of early personal computer manufacturers such as Apple, Commodore, and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.