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#pragma GCC diagnostic push #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-variable" int A, B, C; #pragma GCC diagnostic pop /*@ requires A==100 && B==100; assigns A,B; ensures C==0 ==> A==100 && B==100; ensures C!=0 ==> A==C && B==C;*/ void bidon(){ if ( C != 0 ){ A = C; B = C; } } /*@ requires \valid ( t +(0.. n -1)) && n >= 0; @ assigns \nothing; @ ensures \result == 1 <==> ( \forall integer i ; 0 <= i < n ==> t [ i ] == 0); @ ensures \result == 0 <==> ( \exists integer i ; 0 <= i < n && t [ i ] != 0); @*/ int all_zeros(int t[], int n) { int k; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= k <= n; @ loop invariant \forall integer i ; 0 <= i < k ==> t [ i ] == 0; @ loop assigns k; @ loop variant n-k; */ for(k = 0; k < n; k++) { //@ assert 0 <= k < n; if (t[k] != 0) return 0; } //@ assert k == n; return 1; }
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/*@ requires size>0; requires \valid(t+(0..size-1)); requires \valid(s+(0..size-1)); requires \valid(r+(0..size-1)); requires \separated(t+(0..size-1), s+(0..size-1)); requires \separated(t+(0..size-1), r+(0..size-1)); requires \separated(s+(0..size-1), r+(0..size-1)); requires \forall integer i; 0 <= i < size ==> -10000 <= t[i] <= 10000; requires \forall integer i; 0 <= i < size ==> -10000 <= s[i] <= 10000; assigns r[0..size-1]; ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<size ==> r[i]==t[i]+s[i]; behavior main_behavior: ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<size ==> r[i]==t[i]+s[i]; complete behaviors main_behavior; disjoint behaviors main_behavior; */ void sum(int t[],int s[], int r[], int size) { /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=size; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> r[j]==t[j]+s[j]; loop assigns i, r[0..size-1]; loop variant size-i; */ for(int i=0;i<size;i++) { r[i]=t[i]+s[i]; } }
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#include <limits.h> #include <string.h> /*@ predicate submatcher_0(char * x22) = ((x22[0]=='\0') || (((x22[0]=='\0')) ? (0) : (((x22[0]=='a') && submatcher_0((x22+1))))));*/ /*@ requires ((strlen(x22)>=0) && \valid_read(x22+(0..strlen(x22)))); decreases strlen(x22); assigns \nothing; ensures \result <==> submatcher_0(x22); */ int submatcher_0(char * x22) { char x24 = x22[0]; int x25 = x24 == '\0'; int x32; if (x25) { x32 = 0/*false*/; } else { int x26 = x24 == 'a'; int x30; if (x26) { char *x27 = x22+1; int x28 = submatcher_0(x27); x30 = x28; } else { x30 = 0/*false*/; } x32 = x30; } int x33 = x25 || x32; return x33; } /*@ predicate matcher_star_a(char * x0) = ((x0[0]=='\0') || (((x0[0]=='\0')) ? (0) : (((x0[0]=='a') && submatcher_0((x0+1))))));*/ /*@ requires ((strlen(x0)>=0) && \valid_read(x0+(0..strlen(x0)))); decreases strlen(x0); assigns \nothing; ensures \result <==> matcher_star_a(x0); */ int matcher_star_a(char * x0) { char x2 = x0[0]; int x3 = x2 == '\0'; int x10; if (x3) { x10 = 0/*false*/; } else { int x4 = x2 == 'a'; int x8; if (x4) { char *x5 = x0+1; int x6 = submatcher_0(x5); x8 = x6; } else { x8 = 0/*false*/; } x10 = x8; } int x11 = x3 || x10; return x11; }
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#ifndef BASETYPE_H #define BASETYPE_H #include <stddef.h> // this is just renaming for types typedef unsigned long size_t; // forward declaration ///////////////////////////////////////////////// // integers // format [s|u]int[<size in bits>] typedef signed char sint8_t; typedef unsigned char uint8_t; typedef short sint16_t; typedef unsigned short uint16_t; typedef int sint32_t; typedef unsigned int uint32_t; typedef long long sint64_t; typedef unsigned long long uint64_t; typedef int sint_t; typedef unsigned int uint_t; //////////////////////////////////////////////// // the types used for size and to index into an array // here we make the arbitrary choice of uint32_t, should be sufficient //typedef uint_t size_t; // definition/lemma about the minimum of size_t /* logic size_t size_min(size_t s1, size_t s2) = s1 < s2 ? s1 : s2; lemma size_min_sem: \forall size_t s1, size_t s2; size_min(s1, s2) <= s1 && size_min(s1, s2) <= s2 && (size_min(s1, s2) == s1 || size_min(s1, s2) == s2); */ typedef uint_t index_t; // redefine the type for pointers typedef char* any_ptr_t; //////////////////////////////////////////////// // comparaison typedef enum {Lt, Eq, Gt} cmp_t; /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t uint8_cmp(const uint8_t i1, const uint8_t i2); /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t sint8_cmp(const sint8_t i1, const sint8_t i2); /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t uint16_cmp(const uint16_t i1, const uint16_t i2); /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t sint16_cmp(const sint16_t i1, const sint16_t i2); /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t uint32_cmp(const uint32_t i1, const uint32_t i2); /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t sint32_cmp(const sint32_t i1, const sint32_t i2); /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t uint64_cmp(const uint64_t i1, const uint64_t i2); /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t sint64_cmp(const sint64_t i1, const sint64_t i2); /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t uint_cmp(const uint_t i1, const uint_t i2); /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t sint_cmp(const sint_t i1, const sint_t i2); /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t size_cmp(const size_t i1, const size_t i2); /*@ assigns \nothing; behavior lt: assumes i1 < i2; ensures \result == Lt; behavior eq: assumes i1 == i2; ensures \result == Eq; behavior gt: assumes i1 > i2; ensures \result == Gt; complete behaviors lt, eq, gt; disjoint behaviors lt, eq, gt; */ cmp_t index_cmp(const index_t i1, const index_t i2); //////////////////////////////////////////////// // bool typedef enum {True, False} bool_t; #endif // Implementations (required for verification to succeed) cmp_t uint8_cmp(const uint8_t i1, const uint8_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; } cmp_t sint8_cmp(const sint8_t i1, const sint8_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; } cmp_t uint16_cmp(const uint16_t i1, const uint16_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; } cmp_t sint16_cmp(const sint16_t i1, const sint16_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; } cmp_t uint32_cmp(const uint32_t i1, const uint32_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; } cmp_t sint32_cmp(const sint32_t i1, const sint32_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; } cmp_t uint64_cmp(const uint64_t i1, const uint64_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; } cmp_t sint64_cmp(const sint64_t i1, const sint64_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; } cmp_t uint_cmp(const uint_t i1, const uint_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; } cmp_t sint_cmp(const sint_t i1, const sint_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; } cmp_t size_cmp(const size_t i1, const size_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; } cmp_t index_cmp(const index_t i1, const index_t i2) { if (i1 < i2) return Lt; else if (i1 > i2) return Gt; else return Eq; }
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/* run.config_qualif OPT: -pp-annot -wp -wp-par 1 -wp-prop="-qed_ko" OPT: -pp-annot -wp -wp-par 1 -wp-prop qed_ko -wp-timeout 2 */ #define OK 33 #define KO 55 int k ; int inp[5] ; int out[5] ; /*@ requires 0 <= k < 5 ; @ ensures \result == out[\old(k)] ; @ ensures inp[\old(k)] == u; @ ensures k == \old(k)+1 ; @ assigns k,inp[k] ; @ */ int g(int u); /*@ requires k == 0 ; @ assigns k, inp[0], inp[1]; @ behavior FST_FAIL: @ assumes out[0] != OK ; @ ensures k == 1 ; @ ensures inp[0] == a ; @ ensures \result == KO ; @ behavior SND_FAIL: @ assumes out[0] == OK ; @ assumes out[1] != OK ; @ ensures k == 2 ; @ ensures inp[0] == a ; @ ensures inp[1] == b ; @ ensures \result == KO ; @ behavior SUCCESS: @ assumes out[0] == OK ; @ assumes out[1] == OK ; @ ensures k == 2 ; @ ensures inp[0] == a ; @ ensures inp[1] == b ; @ ensures \result == OK ; @ complete behaviors FST_FAIL, SND_FAIL, SUCCESS; @ disjoint behaviors FST_FAIL, SND_FAIL, SUCCESS; @ */ int f(int a,int b) { int x ; int y ; x = g(a); if (x != OK) return KO ; y = g(b); if (y != OK) return KO ; return OK ; }
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#include<limits.h> /*@ requires 0 < length <= INT_MAX && \valid_read(arr+(0..length-1)); requires \forall integer i,j; 0 <= i < j < length ==> arr[i] <= arr[j]; assigns \nothing; ensures -1 <= \result < length && (\result == -1 ==> (\forall integer i; 0 <= i < length ==> arr[i] != query)) && (\result >= 0 ==> arr[\result] == query) ; */ int binary_search(int* arr, int length, int query) { int low = 0; int high = length - 1; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= low <= high+1 <= length; loop invariant \forall integer i; 0 <= i < low ==> arr[i] < query; loop invariant \forall integer i; high < i < length ==> arr[i] > query; loop assigns low, high; loop variant high - low; */ while (low <= high) { int mean = low + (high -low) / 2; //@ assert low <= mean <= high; if (arr[mean] == query) return mean; if (arr[mean] < query) low = mean + 1; else high = mean - 1; } return -1; }
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/* a.h */ typedef struct s_t { int n; } t; /*@ type invariant inv_t(t x) = x.n > 0; */ /* @ predicate p(int x) reads x; */ int i = 42; /*@ predicate p{Here}(int x) = x >= i; */ /*@ axiomatic Bar { logic integer li; axiom init: li == 42; } */ /*@ ensures i == 0; assigns i; */ void test() { i = 0; } /*@ axiomatic Foo { type foo; logic foo ff(foo x,char * y); predicate fp(foo x, foo y); axiom fffp: \forall foo x, char* y; fp(x,ff(x,y)) && *y == 0; } */
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/* This file is part of CPAchecker, // a tool for configurable software verification: // https://cpachecker.sosy-lab.org // // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2007-2020 Dirk Beyer <https://www.sosy-lab.org> // // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ /*@ requires x > -2147483648; assigns \nothing; ensures \result >= 0; behavior positive: assumes x >= 0; ensures \result == x; behavior negative: assumes x < 0; ensures x != -2147483648 ==> \result == -x; complete behaviors positive, negative; disjoint behaviors positive, negative; */ int abs(int x) { if (x < 0) { return -x; } return x; }
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/*@ requires n>0 && \valid(a+(0..n-1)); @ assigns \nothing; @ behavior success: @ assumes \forall integer i; 0<=i<n-1 ==> a[i]<=a[i+1]; @ ensures \result==1; @ behavior failure: @ assumes \exists integer i; 0<=i<n-1 && a[i]>a[i+1]; @ ensures \result==0; @ complete behaviors success, failure; @ disjoint behaviors success, failure; */ int isIncreasing(int a[], int n){ /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> a[j]<=a[j+1]; loop assigns i; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i=0;i<n-1;i++){ if(a[i]>a[i+1]) return 0; } return 1; }
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/*@ requires c > 0; ensures \result == c; assigns \nothing; */ int loop(int c) { int x = c; int y = 0; /*@ loop invariant c == x + y && x >= 0 ; loop assigns x, y; loop variant x; */ while(x > 0) { x = x - 1; y = y + 1; } return y; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main() { int result = loop(6); return 0; }
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/*@ requires k>0; @ ensures \result<1; @*/ int f(int k, int g); int f(int k, int g){ return 0; } void main(){ f(1,0); }
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/*@ assigns \nothing; */ void inconditional_exit(int state) { exit (state); }
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/*@ requires n > 0; requires \valid_read(a + (0..n-1)); ensures \forall integer j; 0 <= j < n ==> \result >= a[j]; assigns \nothing; */ int Max_element(int a[], int n) { int max = a[0]; int i = 0; /*@ loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> max >= a[j]; loop invariant 1 <= i <= n; loop assigns i, max; loop variant n - i; */ for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) { if (a[i] > max) { max = a[i]; } } return max; }
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/*@ requires n > 0; requires \valid(a + (0..n-1)); ensures \forall integer k; (0<=k<n) && (k%2==0) ==> (a[k] == 0); assigns a[0..n-1]; */ void func(int *a, int n) { /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; loop invariant \forall integer k; (0 <= k < i) && (k%2==0) ==> a[k] == 0; loop invariant \valid(a + (0..n-1)); loop assigns i, a[0..n-1]; loop variant n-i; */ for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { if (i%2==0) a[i] = 0; } }
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/*@ @ requires -10000 <= x <= 10000; @ requires 0 <= y <= 10000; @ @ ensures \result == x * y; @ assigns \nothing; */ int mult(int x, int y) { int res = 0; /*@ @ loop invariant 0 <= i <= y; @ loop invariant res == i * x; @ loop assigns res, i; @ loop variant y - i; */ for (int i = 0; i < y; ++i) { res += x; } return res; }
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/* run.config EXECNOW: make -s @PTEST_DIR@/@PTEST_NAME@.cmxs OPT: -load-module @PTEST_DIR@/@PTEST_NAME@.cmxs */ /*@ requires x <= 0; ensures \result == x; assigns \nothing; */ int f(int x) { //@ assert x<=0; int y = x; /*@ assert y <= 0 && x == y; */ return y; } struct inner { int a, b; char c; void *p; }; struct outer { struct inner *pinner; struct inner inner; int a; struct inner ainner[5]; int b; char c; long long l; }; int main (void) { struct inner inner; struct outer outer; outer.inner.a = 0; /*@ assert outer.inner.a == 0; */ return 0; }
9
/*@ ensures (\result>0); */ int main() { int x0 = 0; /*@assert (x0<100);*/ int x4 = x0 + 1; /*@assert (x4>x0);*/ return x4; }
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/*@ axiomatic Count { logic integer count{L}(int *a, integer m, integer n, integer p); axiom count_base: \forall int *a, integer m, integer n, integer p; m >= n ==> count(a, m, n, p) == 0; axiom count_split: \forall int *a, integer m, integer n, integer k, integer p; m <= n <= k ==> count(a, m, k, p) == count(a, m, n, p) + count(a, n, k, p); axiom count_one: \forall int *a, integer m, integer p; count(a, m, m + 1, p) == (a[m] == p ? 1 : 0); } axiomatic Ordered { predicate ordered{L}(int *a, integer m, integer n); axiom ordered_base: \forall int *a, integer m, integer n; m >= n ==> ordered(a, m, n); axiom ordered_split: \forall int *a, integer m, integer k, integer n; m <= n <= k ==> ordered(a, m, k) <==> ordered(a, m, n) && ordered(a, n, k); axiom ordered_two: \forall int *a, integer m, integer n; m < n ==> ordered(a, m, n) <==> a[m] <= a[n-1]; } predicate minimum(int *a, integer m, integer n, integer k) = \forall integer i; m <= i < n ==> a[k] <= a[i]; */ /*@ requires n >= 0; requires \valid(a + (0 .. n-1)); ensures ordered(a, 0, n); ensures \forall integer p; count{Here}(a, 0, n, p) == count{Pre}(a, 0, n, p); assigns a[0 .. n-1]; */ void sort(int *a, int n) { /*@ loop invariant ordered(a, 0, i); loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; loop assigns i, a[0 .. n-1]; loop variant n - i; */ for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { int min_pos = i; /*@ loop invariant minimum(a, i, j, min_pos); loop invariant i <= min_pos < n; loop invariant i <= j <= n; loop assigns j, min_pos; loop variant n - j; */ for (int j = i + 1; j < n; ++j) { if (a[j] < a[min_pos]) { min_pos = j; } } if (min_pos != i) { int tmp = a[min_pos]; a[min_pos] = a[i]; a[i] = tmp; } } }
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/*@ axiomatic A { } */ /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main() { return 0; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ void f() { int x = 0; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ void g(char*s);
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#include <limits.h> /* run.config EXECNOW: make -s tests/aorai/Aorai_test.cmxs OPT: -aorai-automata tests/aorai/test_acces_params.ya -aorai-test 1 -load-module tests/aorai/Aorai_test.cmxs -aorai-test-number @PTEST_NUMBER@ */ int status=0; int rr=1; //@ global invariant inv : 0<=rr<=5000; /*@ requires rr<5000 && i >= INT_MIN - j && i <= INT_MAX - j; @ assigns rr; @ ensures rr == i + j; @*/ void opa(int i, int j) { rr=i+j; } /*@ assigns status, \result; @ ensures \result == 3; */ int opb () { status=1; return status*3; } /*@ assigns rr, status; */ int main(){ //@ assert rr < 5000; if (rr<5000) opa(rr,300); rr=opb(); return 0; }
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#include <limits.h> int e; /*@ requires INT_MIN / 4 <= x <= INT_MAX / 4; ensures \result == 4 * x && e == 4 * x; assigns e; */ int f(int x) { int y = 4 * x; e = y; return y; } int main() { f(42); return 0; }
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/*@ requires -1000 <= n <= 1000; // Add a reasonable input range decreases n > 100 ? 1 : 102 - n; assigns \nothing; ensures ((n <= 100) ==> (\result == 91)); ensures ((n > 100) ==> (\result == (n-10))); */ int foo(int n) { if (n > 100) { return n - 10; } else { return foo(foo(n + 11)); } }
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/*@ requires \valid(a) && \valid(b); @ ensures A: *a == \old(*b); @ ensures B: *b == \old(*a); @ assigns *a, *b; @*/ void swap(int* a,int* b) { int temp = *a; *a = *b; *b = temp; }
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/* run.config OPT: -rpp */ /* * Based on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/22768302/why-i-get-comparison-method-violates-its-general-contract * */ struct CatBPos{ int getHdopBPosGetTime; int getBPosGetTime; int getBPosGetStat; int getBPosIsDeparture; int getBPosIsVacation; int getBPosIsArrival; int getHdopBPosGetTimeIsNotVoid; }; /*@ assigns \result \from x,y; @ ensures x < y ==> \result == -1; @ ensures x > y ==> \result == 1; @ ensures x == y ==> \result == 0; */ int IntCompare(int x, int y){ if (x < y){ return -1; } if(x > y){ return 1; } return 0; } /*@ assigns \result \from o1,o2; */ int compare(struct CatBPos o1, struct CatBPos o2) { int lCompare; if (o1.getHdopBPosGetTimeIsNotVoid && o2.getHdopBPosGetTimeIsNotVoid) { lCompare = IntCompare(o1.getHdopBPosGetTime, o2.getHdopBPosGetTime); if (lCompare != 0) { return lCompare; } } lCompare = IntCompare(o1.getBPosGetTime, o2.getBPosGetTime); if (lCompare != 0) { return lCompare; } if (o1.getBPosIsDeparture && o2.getBPosIsVacation) { return 1; } else if (o1.getBPosIsVacation && o2.getBPosIsArrival) { return 1; } // Ankunft und Abfahrt für denselben Bahnhof sollen in der richtigen Reihenfolge sein if (o1.getBPosIsDeparture && o2.getBPosIsArrival && (o1.getBPosGetStat == o2.getBPosGetStat)) { return 1; } return 0; }
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/*@ requires n > 0; requires \valid(arr+(0..n-1)); ensures \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> arr[i] == 0; */ void arrayreset(int arr[], int n) { /*@ loop invariant 0 <= j <= n; loop invariant \forall integer i; 0 <= i < j ==> arr[i] == 0; loop assigns j, arr[0..n-1]; loop variant n - j; */ for (int j=0; j<n; j++) { arr[j]=0; } }
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// In some versions of Frama-C, an additional option -pp-annot should be used to parse this example #include <limits.h> /*@ requires (*b >= 0 && *a <= INT_MAX - *b); requires (*b < 0 && *a >= INT_MIN - *b); requires \valid(a) && \valid(a); assigns *a; ensures *a == \old(*a) + *b; */ void incr_a_by_b(int* a, int const* b){ *a += *b; }
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/* run.config OPT: -rpp */ /* * Based on http://codedbot.com/questions/402185/java-comparator-violates-general-contract * */ struct SolutionComparator { int getValue; int solutionCost; }; /*@ requires 0 <= h < 100; @ requires 0 <= o1.getValue <= 10 && 0 <= o1.solutionCost <= 10 && 0 <= o2.getValue <= 10 && 0 <= o2.solutionCost <=10; @ assigns \nothing; */ int compare(struct SolutionComparator o1, struct SolutionComparator o2, int h) { int v1 = o1.getValue; int v2 = o2.getValue; if ((v1 == -1) && (v2 == -1)) return 0; else if (v1 == -1) return 1; else if (v2 == -1) return -1; else if (v1 == v2){ //return (int)Math.signum(solutionCost(o1) - solutionCost(o2)); int comp = o1.solutionCost - o2.solutionCost; if (comp > 0) return 1; else if (comp < 0) return -1; else return 0; } else { //return (int)Math.signum(Math.abs(target-v1) - Math.abs(target-v2)); int target = h; int comp1 = target-v1; int abscomp1 = 0; if (comp1 >= 0) abscomp1 = comp1; else abscomp1 = -comp1; int comp2 = target-v2; int abscomp2 = 0; if (comp2 >= 0) abscomp2 = comp2; else abscomp2 = -comp2; int comp3 = abscomp1 - abscomp2; if (comp3 > 0) return 1; else if (comp3 < 0) return -1; else return 0; } }
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/*@ requires \valid(a+(0..length-1)); @ requires length > 0; @ ensures \forall integer j; 0 <= j < length ==> a[\result] <= a[j]; @ assigns \nothing; */ int find_min(int* a, int length) { int min, min_idx; min_idx = 0; min = a[0]; /*@ loop invariant 1 <= i <= length; @ loop invariant 0 <= min_idx < length; @ loop invariant min == a[min_idx]; @ loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> min <= a[j]; @ loop assigns i, min_idx, min; @ loop variant length - i; */ for (int i = 1; i < length; i++) { if (a[i] < min) { min_idx = i; min = a[i]; } } /*@ assert \forall integer k; 0 <= k < length ==> a[min_idx] <= a[k]; */ return min_idx; }
22
#include <limits.h> /*@ requires x > INT_MIN; assigns \nothing; // forbid any side effects ensures 0 <= x ==> \result == x; ensures 0 > x ==> \result == -x; */ int abs_int(int x) { return (x >= 0) ? x : -x; }
7
/* Generated by Frama-C */ #include "stdio.h" #include "stdlib.h" extern int __e_acsl_sound_verdict; /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int *__gen_e_acsl_f(int *x, int *y); /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int *f(int *x, int *y) { return x; } int main(void) { int __retres; int *p; int x = 0; int *q = malloc(sizeof(int)); int *r = malloc(sizeof(int)); p = __gen_e_acsl_f(& x,q); q = __gen_e_acsl_f(& x,r); __retres = 0; return __retres; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int *__gen_e_acsl_f(int *x, int *y) { int *__retres; __retres = f(x,y); return __retres; }
10
/* run.config OPT: -load-module lib/plugins/Report -rte -rte-precond -then -val -then -report -report-print-properties OPT: -load-module lib/plugins/Report -val -then -rte -rte-precond -then -report -report-print-properties */ // Fuse with precond.c when bts #1208 is solved int x = 0; /*@ requires i >= -1; assigns x; ensures x == i; */ void f (int i) { x = i; } /*@ requires x <= 8; assigns x; ensures x == \old(x) + 1 || x == \old(x); */ void g(); void g() { if (x < 8) { x++; } } /*@ requires -1 <= 8; // Ensure x <= 8 after the calls to f in the if(c) blocks. requires x <= 8; assigns x; */ void main (int c) { if (c) { f(1); if(c) f(-1); } //@ assert x <= 8; g (); //@ assert x <= 8; g (); }
21
/* run.config EXECNOW: make tests/aorai/Aorai_test.cmxs OPT: -aorai-ltl tests/aorai/test_boucle.ltl -aorai-test 1 -aorai-acceptance -load-module tests/aorai/Aorai_test.cmxs -aorai-test-number @PTEST_NUMBER@ */ /*@ requires \true; @ ensures 0<=\result<=1; @ assigns \nothing; */ int a() { return 1; } /*@ requires \true; @ ensures 1<=\result<=2; @ assigns \nothing; */ int b() { //call_to_an_undefined_function(); return 2; } /*@ requires \true; @ ensures 0<=\result<=1; @ assigns \nothing; */ int main(){ int x=a(); /*@ loop invariant 0<=x<=12; loop assigns x; loop variant 10-x; */ while (x<10) { x+=b(); } return a(); }
30
/*@ requires \true; @ behavior x_ge_y: @ assumes x >= y; @ ensures \result == x; @ behavior x_lt_y: @ assumes x < y; @ ensures \result == y; @ complete behaviors x_ge_y, x_lt_y; @ disjoint behaviors x_ge_y, x_lt_y; @*/ int max (int x, int y) { if (x >= y) { return x; } else { return y; } }
6
/* run.config COMMENT: test option -e-acsl-functions LOG: gen_@PTEST_NAME@.c OPT: -machdep gcc_x86_64 -e-acsl-functions f -e-acsl -then-last -load-script tests/print.cmxs -print -ocode tests/special/result/gen_@PTEST_NAME@.c -kernel-verbose 0 -eva-verbose 0 -eva -wp-rte */ /*@ requires \valid(p); @ requires *p == 0; @ ensures \result == 0; @ assigns \nothing; */ int f(int *p) { /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= 1; loop assigns i; loop variant 1 - i; */ for(int i = 0; i < 1; i++) ; return 0; } /*@ requires \valid(p); @ requires *p == 1; @ ensures \result == 0; @ assigns \nothing; */ int g(int *p) { /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= 1; loop assigns i; loop variant 1 - i; */ for(int i = 0; i < 1; i++) ; return 0; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main(void) { int x = 0; int y = 1; f(&x); g(&y); }
31
/*@ @ requires 0 <= n <= 1000; @ ensures \result == n * n; @ assigns \nothing; */ int sum_n_odds(int n) { int res = 0; /*@ @ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; @ loop invariant res == i * i; @ loop assigns res, i; @ loop variant n - i; */ for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { res += (2 * i) + 1; } return res; }
17
/*@ requires x >= -2147483647; assigns \nothing; ensures \result >= 0; ensures x < 0 ==> \result == -x; ensures x >= 0 ==> \result == x; */ int abs(int x) { if (x < 0) return -x; else return x; }
8
#include <stdbool.h> /*@ requires n >= 0; requires \valid_read(a + (0 .. n-1)); requires \valid_read(b + (0 .. n-1)); assigns \nothing; behavior eq: assumes \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> a[i] == b[i]; ensures \result; behavior neq: assumes \exists integer i; 0 <= i < n && a[i] != b[i]; ensures !\result; complete behaviors eq, neq; disjoint behaviors eq, neq; */ bool equal(int *a, int n, int *b) { /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < i ==> a[k] == b[k]; loop assigns i; loop variant n - i; */ for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { if (a[i] != b[i]) { return false; } } return true; }
19
/*@ requires \valid(a) && \valid(b); requires \separated(a,b); assigns *a, *b; ensures *a == \old(*b) && *b == \old(*a); */ void swap(int *a, int *b){ int tmp = *a ; *a = *b ; *b = tmp ; } int main(){ int x = 2; int y = 4; swap(&x, &y); //@ assert x == 4 && y == 2 ; }
14
struct MaxAndMin{ int max; int min; }; /*@ requires size > 0 && \valid_read(a+(0..size-1)); ensures \forall integer i ; 0 <= i < size ==> ( a[i] <= \result.max && \result.min <= a[i] ) ; */ struct MaxAndMin findMaxAndMin(int* a,int size){ struct MaxAndMin s; struct MaxAndMin* p = &s; int** q = &a; p->min = (*q)[0]; p->max = (*q)[0]; int i = 0; /*@ loop assigns i, s.max, s.min; loop invariant *p==s && *q==a && size >0 && (i<=size && (i>=0 && (\forall integer j ;0 <= j < i ==> ( a[j] <=s.max && s.min <=a[j])))); loop variant size - i; */ while (i < size){ if (p->max < (*q)[i]) p->max = (*q)[i]; if (p->min > (*q)[i]) p->min = (*q) [i]; i = i + 1; } return s; }
29
/*@ requires x >= y > 0; requires \valid (r); ensures *r < y; ensures x == \result*y + *r; assigns *r; */ int fun(int x, int y , int *r) { *r = x; int d = 0; /*@ loop invariant *r == x - y*d; loop invariant d >= 0; loop assigns *r, d; loop variant *r; */ while (*r >= y) { *r = *r - y; d = d + 1; } return d; }
21
// complete is not effective, although negative is missing, taking it in/out doesn't make a difference still proved. #pragma JessieIntegerModel(exact) /*@ requires -2147483647 <= a <= 2147483647; assigns \nothing; behavior zero: assumes a == 0; ensures \result == 0; behavior positive: assumes a > 0; ensures \result == a; behavior negative: assumes a < 0; ensures \result == -a; complete behaviors zero, positive, negative; disjoint behaviors zero, positive, negative; */ int abs(int a) { if (a == 0) return 0; else if (a > 0) return a; else return -a; }
11
/*@ requires 1==1; */ void test(long x) { unsigned a = 0x10203040; unsigned b = (a << 16); unsigned long long al = a; unsigned long long bl = al << 16; //@ assert b == (unsigned)bl; //@ assert b == 0x30400000; }
4
/* run.config STDOPT: +"-pp-annot" */ /* run.config_qualif STDOPT: +"-pp-annot" */ #define ST(a) (((a)&2)!=0) /*@ behavior sum_ok: ensures ok: ST(\result) <==> ST(a) || ST(b) ; complete behaviors sum_ok; */ char sum( char a , char b ) { return a|b; } #define BIT_TEST(x,n) (((x)&(1<<(n)))!=0) /*@ requires \true; ensures bit_zero: BIT_TEST(\result,0) <==> BIT_TEST(x,31); ensures other_bits: \forall int k ; 0 <= k && k < 31 ==> ( BIT_TEST(\result,1+k) <==> BIT_TEST(x,k)); */ unsigned rotate_left (unsigned x) { return (x << 1) | (x >> 31); }
8
/*@ requires -1000000 < x < 1000000; ensures \result == x + 1; assigns \nothing; */ int f(int x) { return x+1; } /*@ requires -1000000 < x < 1000000; requires -1000000 < y < 1000000; ensures \result == x + y + 1; assigns \nothing; */ int g(int x, int y) { return (x+y+1); }
12
/*@ requires n > 0; requires \valid(a + (0..n-1)); ensures \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> a[i]==0; */ void Zero_array(int a[], int n) { /*@ loop invariant \forall integer i; 0 <= i < j ==> a[i]==0; loop invariant 0 <= j <= n; loop assigns j,a[0..n-1]; loop variant n - j; */ for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) { a[j] = 0; } }
14
/*@ requires \valid(a+(0..n-1)); requires 0 <= i < n; requires 0 <= j < n; assigns a[i], a[j]; ensures a[i] == \old(a[j]); ensures a[j] == \old(a[i]); */ static inline void swap(int a[], int i, int j, int n) { int tmp = a[i]; a[i] = a[j]; a[j] = tmp; }
10
/*@ requires -2147483647 <= n <= 2147483647; ensures \result >=0; assigns \nothing; behavior positive: assumes n >= 0; ensures \result == n; assigns \nothing; behavior negative: assumes n < 0; ensures \result == -n; assigns \nothing; complete behaviors positive, negative; disjoint behaviors positive, negative; */ int abs(int n){ if(n<0){ return -n; } return n; }
14
#include <limits.h> /*@ requires (x > INT_MIN) && (y > INT_MIN) && (x >= y && x - y <= INT_MAX || x < y && x - y >= INT_MIN); ensures y == x-\result; assigns \nothing; */ int diff (int x, int y) { return x-y; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ void main() { int t = diff(10, 5); //@ assert t == 5; }
13
#include "limits.h" /*@ requires b != 0; @ requires !(a == INT_MIN && b == -1); @ ensures \result == a/b; @ assigns \nothing; @*/ int div(int a, int b) { return a / b; }
6
/* run.config OPT: -rpp */ /* * Based on http://stackoverflow.xluat.com/questions/31235938/java-order-by-priority-list * */ struct MyClass{ int Name; }; struct hack{ int t[3]; }; /*@ assigns \result \from x,y; @ ensures x < y ==> \result == -1; @ ensures x > y ==> \result == 1; @ ensures x == y ==> \result == 0; */ int IntCompare(int x, int y){ if (x < y){ return -1; } if(x > y){ return 1; } return 0; } /*@ assigns \result \from o1.Name, o2.Name, h.t[0..2]; @ ensures \result == -1 || \result == 0 || \result == 1; */ int compare(struct MyClass o1, struct MyClass o2,struct hack h){ int x = o1.Name; int y = o2.Name; int i = 0; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= 3; loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < i ==> h.t[k] != x && h.t[k] != y; loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < 3 ==> h.t[k] == \at(h.t[k],LoopEntry); loop assigns i; loop variant 3 - i; */ while(i < 3){ /*@ assert \forall integer k; 0 <= k < i ==> h.t[k] != x && h.t[k] != y; */ if(h.t[i] == x) { return 1; } if(h.t[i] == y) { return -1; } i++; } return IntCompare(x,y); }
34
/*@ requires n>0; requires \valid(t+(0..n-1)); assigns t[0..n-1]; ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<n ==> t[i] == i ; ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<n-1 ==> t[i] <= t[i+1]; */ int doubleint(int t[],int n) { /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t[j] == j ; loop assigns i, t[0..n-1]; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i=0;i<n;i++) { t[i]=i; } return 0; }
17
/*@ requires \valid(t+(0..taille-1)) && taille>0; assigns \nothing; ensures (\forall integer i; 0<=i<taille-1 ==> t[i]<=t[i+1]) ==> \result==1; ensures (\exists integer i; 0<=i<taille-1 && t[i]>t[i+1]) ==> \result==0; */ int increasing(int t[], int taille){ /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=taille-1; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t[j]<=t[j+1]; loop assigns i; loop variant taille-i-1; */ for(int i=0;i<taille-1;i++){ if(t[i]>t[i+1]) return 0; } return 1; }
19
#pragma CIVL ACSL enum t{RED, BLUE}; /*@ requires \valid_read(a) && *a==BLUE; @ ensures \result == 2; @ assigns \nothing; @*/ int f(enum t* a){ return (*a)*2; }
5
/*@ requires n > 0; requires \valid_read(a + (0..n-1)); ensures \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> \result <= a[i]; */ int Min_elements(int a[], int n) { int min = a[0]; /*@ loop invariant 1 <= j <= n; loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < j ==> min <= a[k]; loop assigns j, min; loop variant n - j; */ for (int j = 1; j < n; j++) { if (a[j] < min) min = a[j]; } return min; }
14
#include <limits.h> /*@ requires INT_MIN <= a - b <= INT_MAX; ensures (\result == a - b); assigns \nothing; */ int sub(int a,int b) { int diff = a - b; return diff; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main(void) { int a = 7; int b = 6; sub(a,b); return 0; }
12
/*@ requires \valid_read(t+(0..tt-1)) && tt>0; requires \valid_read(s+(0..ts-1)) && ts>0; requires \valid(r+(0..tt+ts-1)); requires 0<tt<100; requires 0<ts<100; requires \separated(t+(0..tt-1), s+(0..ts-1), r+(0..tt+ts-1)); ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<tt ==> r[i]==t[i]; ensures \forall integer j; 0<=j<ts ==> r[j+tt]==s[j]; assigns r[0..tt+ts-1]; */ void concat(int t[], int tt, int s[], int ts, int r[]){ /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=tt; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> r[j]==t[j]; loop assigns i, r[0..tt+ts-1]; loop variant tt-i; */ for(int i=0;i<tt;i++){ /*@ assert \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> r[j]==t[j]; */ r[i]=t[i]; } /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=ts; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<tt ==> r[j]==t[j]; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> r[j+tt]==s[j]; loop assigns i, r[0..tt+ts-1]; loop variant ts-i; */ for(int i=0;i<ts;i++){ /*@ assert \forall integer j; 0<=j<tt ==> r[j]==t[j]; */ r[i+tt]=s[i]; } }
36
#include "limits.h" /*@ requires a*x <= INT_MAX && a*x+b <= INT_MAX && a*x >= INT_MIN && a*x+b >= INT_MIN; ensures \result >= INT_MIN && \result <= INT_MAX && \result == a*x+b; */ int f(int a,int b,int x) { return a*x+b; }
7
/*@ requires \valid(t+(0..n-1)) && n>0; behavior success: assumes \exists integer i; 0<=i<n && t[i]==val; ensures 0<=\result<n; behavior failure: assumes \forall integer i; 0<=i<n ==> t[i]!=val; ensures \result==-1; complete behaviors success, failure; disjoint behaviors success, failure; */ int index(int t[], int val, int n){ /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t[j]!=val; loop assigns i; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i=0;i<n;i++){ if(t[i]==val) return i; } return -1; }
15
/*@ requires \valid(t+(0..n-1)) && n > 0; ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<n ==> t[\result] <= t[i]; ensures \exists integer i; 0<=i<n && i == \result; assigns \nothing; */ int min(int t[], int n) { int index = 0; /*@ loop invariant 1 <= i <= n; loop invariant 0<=index<n; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t[index] <= t[j]; loop assigns index, i; loop variant n - i; */ for (int i = 1; i < n; i++){ if (t[i] < t[index]) { index=i; //@ assert \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> t[index] <= t[j]; } } return index; }
18
/*@ requires \valid_read(p+(0..n-1)); @ ensures \result == 0; @ assigns \nothing; @ */ int somefun(char *p, int n) { return 0; }
4
/* run.config OPT: -rpp */ /* * Based on http://stackoverflow.com/questions/23907134/comparing-two-arrays-using-dictionary-order-in-an-array-of-arrays-java * */ struct AInt{ int t[10]; int length; }; /*@ requires 0 <= o1.length && o1.length <= 10; @ requires 0 <= o2.length && o2.length <= 10; @ assigns \result \from o1,o2; */ int compare(struct AInt o1, struct AInt o2){ int index, aentry, bentry; index = 0; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= index && index <= o2.length && index <= o1.length; @ loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < index ==> o1.t[k] == o2.t[k]; @ loop assigns index,aentry,bentry; @ loop variant o1.length - index; */ while ((index < o1.length) && (index < o2.length)) { aentry = o1.t[index]; bentry = o2.t[index]; if (aentry < bentry) { return -1; } if (aentry > bentry) { return 1; } index++; } if (o1.length < o2.length) return -1; if (o1.length > o2.length) return 1; return 0; }
23
/*@ ensures (x==0||y==1)?\result==1:\result == 0; assigns \nothing; */ int f(int x, int y) { return (x==0||y==1); } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main() { int x = f(42,1); int y = f(0,36); return 0; }
14
/*@ requires 0 <= n <= 1000; ensures \result == n*(n-1)/2; */ int sum(int n){ int res=0; /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant res == i*(i-1)/2; loop assigns res, i; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i=0;i<n;i++) { res+=i; } return res; }
13
struct S { int x; }; #include <limits.h> /*@ requires \valid(s); assigns s->x; ensures s->x == 0; */ void reset (struct S* s) { s->x = 0; } /*@ requires \valid(s); requires s->x < INT_MAX; assigns s->x; ensures s->x > \at(s->x,Pre); */ void inc(struct S* s) { //@ assert s->x < INT_MAX; s->x++; } /*@ requires \valid(s); requires s->x > INT_MIN; assigns s->x; ensures s->x < \at(s->x,Pre); */ void dec(struct S* s) { //@ assert s->x > INT_MIN; s->x--; } /*@ requires \valid(s); assigns \nothing; behavior is_true: assumes s->x > 0; ensures \result == 1; behavior is_false: assumes s->x <= 0; ensures \result == 0; complete behaviors is_true, is_false; disjoint behaviors is_true, is_false; */ int is_pos(struct S* s) { return s->x > 0; }
29
/*@ requires b != 0 && (a != -2147483648 || b != -1); // Prevent potential overflow assigns \nothing; ensures \result == (a % b); */ int mod(int a, int b) { return a % b; }
6
#include <stdbool.h> /*@ requires \valid(t1+(0..n-1)) && \valid(t2+(0..n-1)) && n>0; ensures (\forall integer i; 0<=i<n ==> t1[i] == t2[i]) ==> \result==1; ensures (\exists integer i; 0<=i<n && t1[i] != t2[i]) ==> \result==0; assigns \nothing; */ int compare(int t1[], int t2[], int n){ int i=0; bool diff_found = 0; /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant (\forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t1[j] == t2[j]) || (i == 0); loop invariant !diff_found ==> (\forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t1[j] == t2[j]); loop invariant diff_found ==> (\exists integer j; 0<=j<i && t1[j] != t2[j]); loop assigns i, diff_found; loop variant n-i; */ for(i=0;i<n;i++) { if(t1[i] != t2[i]) { diff_found = 1; return 0; } } return 1; }
23
/*@ requires \valid_read(t+(0..n-1)) && n > 0; ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<n ==> \result <= t[i]; ensures \exists integer i; 0<=i<n && t[i] == \result; assigns \nothing; */ int min(int t[], int n) { int res = t[0]; /*@ loop invariant 1 <= i <= n; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> res <= t[j]; loop invariant \exists integer j; 0 <= j < i && res == t[j]; loop assigns res, i; loop variant n - i; */ for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) if (t[i] < res) res = t[i]; return res; }
18
/*@ axiomatic LCM { logic integer lcm(integer m, integer n); } */ /*@ requires a>0 && b>0; decreases a+b; assigns \nothing; ensures a == 0 ==> \result == b; ensures b == 0 ==> \result == a; ensures a == b ==> \result == a; */ int gcd(int a, int b) { if (a == 0) return b; if (b == 0) return a; if (a == b) return a; if (a > b) return gcd(a-b, b); return gcd(a, b-a); } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main() { int a = 98, b = 56; return 0; }
25
/* run.config OPT: -load-module lib/plugins/Obfuscator -obfuscate -journal-disable */ /*@ ensures \valid(q); */ int f(int *q) ; #define LV X_9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 int global_LV; enum { OK = 1, NOT_OK = 0 } e ; /*@ ensures \valid(p); */ void main (int * p) { int LV = 0; e = OK ; f(p); }
3
/*@ requires \valid (s+(0..n-1)); requires \valid (t+(0..n-1)); requires n > 0; assigns \nothing; ensures \result <==> (\forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> s[i] == t[i]); */ int compare_array(int s[], int t[], int n) { int i = 0; /*@ loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> s[j] == t[j]; loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; loop assigns i; loop variant n-i; */ while (i < n && s[i] == t[i]) { i++; } return i == n; }
15
/*@ @ requires n > 0; @ requires \valid(a+(0..n-1)); @ @ assigns \nothing; @ behavior true_: @ assumes \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n / 2 ==> a[i] == a[n - i - 1]; @ ensures \result == 1; @ behavior false_: @ assumes \exists integer i; 0 <= i < n / 2 && a[i] != a[n - i - 1]; @ ensures \result == 0; @ complete behaviors true_, false_; @ disjoint behaviors true_, false_; */ int palindrome(int a[], int n) { /*@ @ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n / 2; @ loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> a[j] == a[n - j - 1]; @ loop assigns i; @ loop variant n - 2 * i; */ for (int i = 0; i < n / 2; ++i) { if (a[i] != a[n - i - 1]) return 0; } return 1; }
22
/* bts 60: 1 should be lifted to a real number implicitely. */ /*@ ensures 1.0 == 1; assigns \nothing;*/ void f(); /*@ lemma foo: 1.0 == (float)1; */ void f() { double B; } typedef int T, T4[4], *T_PTR; const T X, Tab[4]; typedef T_PTR T_PTR_T4[4]; const T_PTR_T4 Tab_Ptr = { &X, &X, &X, &X};
5
/*@ predicate dom{L}(int k,int n) = k >= 0 && k <= n - 1; */ /*@ requires A: n >= 0 && \valid (a +(0.. n-1)); requires B: dom( i, n ) && dom( j, n ); assigns a[i], a[j]; ensures \old(a[i]) == a[j] && \old(a[j]) == a[i]; ensures \forall int i1; dom(i1,n) ==> \exists int i2; dom(i2,n) && (a[i1] == \old(a[i2])); */ void swap3(int *a, int n, int i, int j) { int temp = a[i]; a[i] = a[j]; a[j] = temp; }
10
/* public interface */ /*@ assigns \nothing; @ ensures \result >= 0; @*/ int gen() { return 0; }
4
/*@ requires \valid_read(p+(0..n-1)); @ ensures \result > 0; @ assigns \nothing; @ */ int somefun(char *p, int n) { return 1; }
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/*@ requires n > 0; requires \valid_read(arr + (0..n-1)); ensures \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> \result >= arr[i]; */ int arraymax(int arr[], int n) { int max = arr[0]; /*@ loop invariant 1 <= j <= n; loop invariant \forall integer i; 0 <= i < j ==> max >= arr[i]; loop invariant max >= arr[0]; loop assigns j, max; loop variant n - j; */ for (int j=1; j<n; j++) { if (arr[j] > max) max = arr[j]; } return max; }
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/*@ requires 0 <= n <= 1000; ensures \result == n*n; assigns \nothing; */ int oddsum(int n) { int sum=0; /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant sum==i*i; loop assigns i, sum; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i=0;i<n;i++) { sum += i*2 + 1; } return sum; }
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/* run.config EXECNOW: make tests/aorai/Aorai_test.cmxs OPT: -aorai-automata tests/aorai/test_boucle_rechercheTableau.ya -aorai-test 1 -aorai-acceptance -load-module tests/aorai/Aorai_test.cmxs -aorai-test-number @PTEST_NUMBER@ */ /*@ requires \valid(t+(0..max)); @ requires max>=0; @ requires max < 2147483647; @ ensures 0<=\result && \result<=max || \result==-1 ; @ ensures 0<=\result && \result<=max ==> t[\result]==val; @ ensures \result==-1 ==> (\forall integer j; 0<=j<=max ==> t[j]!=val); @ assigns \nothing; */ int isPresent(int t[], int max, int val) { int i=0; /*@ loop invariant inv : @ 0<=i<=max+1 @ && \valid(t+(0..max)) @ && max>=0 @ && (\forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t[j]!=val); @ loop assigns i; @ loop variant v : max-i ; */ while (i<max+1 && t[i]!=val) { i++; } if(i<=max && t[i]==val) return i; return -1; } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ void foo(){} /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main(int argc, char** argv) { int tab[]={10,20,33,15}; int r=isPresent(tab, 3, 33); if (r==-1) foo(); return 1; }
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/*@ requires \valid_read(a + (0..n-1)); requires n > 0; ensures \forall integer k; 0 <= k < n ==> \result >= a[k]; ensures \exists integer k; 0 <= k < n && \result == a[k]; assigns \nothing; */ int arraymax(int* a, int n) { int i = 1; int max = a[0]; /*@ loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < n ==> (k < i ==> max >= a[k]); loop invariant \exists integer k; 0 <= k < i && max == a[k]; loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; loop assigns i,max; loop variant n - i; */ while (i < n) { // Beginning of loop if (max < a[i]) max = a[i]; i = i + 1; // End of loop: Loop invariant comes here } return max; }
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/*@ requires 1000>taille>0; requires \valid(t+(0..taille-1)); ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<taille ==> t[i] == (i*2) ; ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<taille-1 ==> t[i]<=t[i+1]; */ void doubleint(int t[],int taille) { // void double() --> not possible since datatype! /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=taille; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t[j] == (j*2) ; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i-1 ==> t[j]<=t[j+1]; loop assigns t[0..taille-1],i; loop variant taille-i; */ for(int i=0;i<taille;i++) { t[i]=i*2; } }
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/*@ requires \valid(t+(0..n-1)) && n>0; // assigns \nothing; ensures (\forall integer i; 0<=i<n ==> t[i] == t[n-i-1]) ==> \result==1; ensures (\exists integer i; 0<=i<n && t[i] != t[n-i-1]) ==> \result==0; */ int palindrome(int t[], int n){ /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n/2; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> t[j] == t[n - j - 1]; loop assigns i; loop variant n/2-i; */ for (int i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) { if (t[i] != t[n - i - 1]) return 0; } return 1; }
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/* * A simple string matching * Takuo Watanabe (Tokyo Institute of Technology) * * This file can be successfully verified using Frama-C with Jessie plugin. * Frama-C Carbon-20110201 * Alt-Ergo 0.92.2 / CVC3 2.2 */ /*@ predicate MatchAt{L}(char *t, char *p, integer k, integer m) = @ \forall integer l; 0 <= l < m ==> t[k + l] == p[l]; @*/ /*@ predicate Match{L}(char *t, integer n, char *p, integer m) = @ \exists integer k; 0 <= k <= n - m && MatchAt(t, p, k, m); @*/ // Needed to prove (in ATP) that the loop variant >= 0 /*@ lemma nzmul: @ \forall integer x, y; x >= 0 ==> y >= 0 ==> x * y >= 0; @*/ /*@ requires n >= 0 && \valid(t+(0..n-1)); @ requires m >= 0 && \valid(p+(0..m-1)); @ assigns \nothing; @ behavior success: @ assumes Match(t, n, p, m); @ ensures 0 <= \result <= n - m && MatchAt(t, p, \result, m); @ ensures \forall integer k; @ 0 <= k < \result ==> !MatchAt(t, p, k, m); @ behavior failure: @ assumes !Match(t, n, p, m); @ ensures \result == -1; @ complete behaviors success, failure; @ disjoint behaviors success, failure; @*/ int smatch (char t[], int n, char p[], int m) { int i = 0, j = 0; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n && 0 <= j <= m; @ loop invariant i >= j; @ loop invariant MatchAt(t, p, i - j, j); @ loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < i - j ==> !MatchAt(t, p, k, m); @ loop assigns i, j; @ loop variant m * (n - (i - j)) + (m - j); @*/ while (i < n && j < m) { if (t[i] == p[j]) { i++; j++; } else { i = i - j + 1; j = 0; } } return j == m ? i - j : -1; }
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/*@ requires 0 <= n <= 1000; ensures \result == n*(n-1)/2; */ int sum(int n){ int sum=0; /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant sum == i*(i-1)/2; loop assigns i, sum; loop variant n-i; */ for (int i=0;i<n;i++) sum += i; return sum; }
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/*@ requires 0 <= n <= 1000; ensures \result == n * n; assigns \nothing; */ int sumOdd(int n){ int res=0; int i=0; /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant res == i*i; loop assigns res,i; loop variant n-i; */ while(i<n){ res+=i*2+1; i++; } return res; }
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/*@ requires \valid_read(a+(0..N-1)) && 0 <= x && x < N && 0 <= y && y < N; ensures \result >= 0; */ int lcp(int a[], int N, int x, int y) { int l = 0; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= l <= N; loop invariant x + l <= N && y + l <= N; loop assigns l; loop variant N - l; */ for (;;) { if (!(x + l < N && y + l < N && a[x+l] == a[y+l])) { break; } l++; } return l; }
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/*@ requires n > 0; requires \valid_read(t+(0..n-1)); ensures \result <==> (\forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> t[i] == 0); */ int arraynull(int t[], int n){ /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; loop invariant \forall integer j ; 0 <= j < i ==> t[j] == 0; loop assigns i; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i = 0; i < n ; i++){ if (t[i] != 0) { return 0; } } return 1; }
12
/*@ ensures \result == x || \result == y; ensures \result >= x && \result >= y; */ int max(int x, int y) { if (x >= y) { return x; } return y; }
4
/*@ requires n>=0 && \valid(t+(0..n-1)); ensures \result != 0 <==> (\forall integer j; 0 <= j < n ==> t[j] == 0); */ int all_zeros(int t[], int n) { int k; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= k <= n; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < k ==> t[j] == 0; loop assigns k; loop variant n-k; */ for(k = 0; k < n; k++) if (t[k] != 0) return 0; return 1; }
12
/*@ requires n > 0; requires \valid_read(a + (0..n-1)); assigns \nothing; behavior present: assumes \exists integer k; 0 <= k < n && x == a[k]; ensures \result == 1; assigns \nothing; behavior not_present: assumes \forall integer k; 0 <= k < n ==> x != a[k]; ensures \result == 0; assigns \nothing; complete behaviors present, not_present; disjoint behaviors present, not_present; */ int arraysearch(int* a, int x, int n) { /*@ loop invariant 0 <= p <= n; loop invariant \forall integer k; 0 <= k < p ==> x != a[k]; loop assigns p; loop variant n - p; */ for (int p = 0; p < n; p++) { if (x == a[p]) return 1; } return 0; }
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#include <limits.h> /*@ assigns \nothing; */ void try_initialize_array ( void ) { int array[5]; // To prove asserts at the end of this function, // uncomment following loop invariant. It might also be helpful to ensure // that i has proper bounds (or use -wp-invariants). /*@ loop invariant I1: 0 <= i <= 5 && ( \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> array[j] == 1 - j); loop assigns i, array[0 .. 4]; loop variant 5 - i; */ for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { // Try uncommenting one of following lines: // i = -1; // Runtime error // i = 0; // No error, but does not terminate. Invariant is preserved array[i] = 1 - i; } if ( array[2] == -2 ) array[2]++; /*@ assert array[2] != -2; */ /*@ assert array[3] == -2; */ } /*@ requires len > 0; requires \valid ( array + ( 0 .. len - 1 ) ); // In specifications we use mathematical integers. requires len + base_value < INT_MAX; // i++ may overflow elsewhere requires len < INT_MAX; assigns array[0 .. len-1]; ensures \forall integer i; 0 <= i < len ==> array [i] == base_value + i; */ void try_initialize_given_array ( int *array, int len, int base_value ) { /*@ loop invariant // WP somehow knows this 0 <= i <= len && ( \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> array[j] == base_value + j ); // BTW an error happens when using this syntax: // loop assigns array + (0 .. len - 1); // It is easy to forget 'i' loop assigns i, array[0 .. len - 1]; loop variant len - i; */ for ( int i = 0; i < len; i++) { array[i] = base_value + i; } } /*@ assigns \nothing; */ int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { try_initialize_array(); int array[17]; try_initialize_given_array ( array, 5, 0 ); /*@ assert array[1] == 1; */ /*@ assert array[3] == 3; */ try_initialize_given_array ( array + 3, 11, 5 ); /*@ assert \forall integer i; 0 <= i < 11 ==> array[i+3] == 5 + i; */ /*@ assert \forall integer i; 0 <= i < 11 ==> array[i+3] == 5 + i; */ /*@ assert array[8+3] == 5 + 8; */ /*@ assert array[11] == 13; */ // This fails, because precondition is not met //try_initialize_given_array ( array, 18, 0 ); return 0; }
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/*@ requires c >= 0; assigns \nothing; ensures \true; */ void f (int c) { /*@ loop invariant c >= 0; loop invariant c <= \at(c, Pre); loop assigns c; loop variant c; */ while (c != 0) { c--; } return; }
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#ifndef _FIND_H_ #define _FIND_H_ /*@ requires \valid_read(a + (0..n-1)); ensures 0 <= \result <= n; behavior some: assumes \exists integer i; 0 <= i < n && a[i] == v; ensures 0 <= \result < n; ensures a[\result] == v; ensures \forall integer i; 0 <= i < \result ==> a[i] != v; behavior none: assumes \forall integer i; 0 <= i < n ==> a[i] != v; ensures \result == n; assigns \nothing; complete behaviors some, none; disjoint behaviors some, none; */ unsigned int find(const int* a, unsigned int n, int v) { /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= n; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> a[j] != v; loop assigns i; loop variant n-i; */ for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n; i++) { /*@ assert 0 <= i <= n; */ if (a[i] == v) { return i; } } return n; } #endif
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/*@ requires \valid(t+(0..taille-1)) && taille>0 && 2*(taille-1) < 2147483647; assigns t[0..taille-1]; ensures \forall integer i; 0<=i<taille ==> t[i] == 2*i; */ void doubled(int t[], int taille){ /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= taille; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> t[j] == 2*j; loop assigns i, t[0..taille-1]; loop variant taille-i; */ for (int i=0; i<taille; i++) { t[i] = 2*i; /*@ assert t[i] == 2*i; */ } }
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/*@ requires \valid(t+(0..taille-1)) && taille>0; behavior increasing: assumes \forall integer i; 1 <= i < taille ==> t[i] >= t[i - 1]; ensures \result == 1; behavior decreasing: assumes \exists integer i; 1 <= i < taille && t[i] < t[i - 1]; ensures \result == 0; assigns \nothing; complete behaviors increasing, decreasing; disjoint behaviors increasing, decreasing; */ int monotonic(int t[], int taille) { int i; /*@ loop invariant 1 <= i <= taille; loop invariant \forall integer j; 1 <= j < i ==> t[j] >= t[j - 1]; loop assigns i; loop variant taille - i; */ for (i = 1; i < taille; i++) { if (t[i] < t[i - 1]) return 0; } return 1; }
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/*@ requires n>0; requires \valid(a+(0..n-1)); assigns \nothing; behavior success: assumes \forall integer i; 0<=i<n ==> a[i]==a[n-i-1]; ensures \result==1; behavior failure: assumes \exists integer i; 0<=i<n && a[i]!=a[n-i-1]; ensures \result==0; complete behaviors success, failure; disjoint behaviors success, failure; */ int palindrome(int a[],int n) { /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=n; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> a[j]==a[n-1-j]; loop assigns i; loop variant n-i; */ for(int i=0;i<n;i++) { if(a[i]!=a[n-i-1]) return 0; } return 1; }
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/*@ requires length > 0 && \valid(a+(0..length-1)); assigns \nothing; // Changed assigns clause to \nothing ensures 0<=\result<length && (\forall integer j; 0<=j<length ==> a[\result]<=a[j]); */ int find_min(int* a, int length) { int min, min_idx; min_idx = 0; min = a[0]; /*@ loop invariant 0<=i<=length ; loop invariant 0<=min_idx<length; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0<=j<i ==> min<=a[j]; loop invariant a[min_idx]==min; loop assigns min, min_idx, i; loop variant length - i; */ for (int i = 1; i<length; i++) { // Corrected loop condition to i < length if (a[i] < min) { min_idx = i; /* min_idx = i; */ min = a[i]; } } return min_idx; }
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/*@ requires \valid(a) && \valid(b); @ ensures *a == \old(*b); @ ensures *b == \old(*a); @*/ void swap(int* a, int* b) { int temp = *a; *a = *b; *b = temp; }
8
struct S { char *x; int *y; }; /*@ requires \valid(s) && \valid_read(s->x) && \valid_read(s->y) && (int)(*s->x) + *s->y >= -2147483648 && (int)(*s->x) + *s->y <= 2147483647; ensures \result == (int)(*s->x) + *s->y; assigns \nothing; */ int f(struct S* s) { return *s->x + *s->y; }
10
// teste si un tableau est un palindrome // ESOPE RESTE ELU PAR CETTE CRAPULE ET SE REPOSE /*@ requires \valid (t+(0..n-1)); requires n > 0; assigns \nothing; ensures \result <==> (\forall integer i; 0 <= i < n/2 ==> t[i] == t[n-i-1]); */ int is_palindrome(int t[], int n) { int mid = n/2; int i = 0; /*@ loop invariant 0 <= i <= mid; loop invariant \forall integer j; 0 <= j < i ==> t[j] == t[n-1-j]; loop assigns i; loop variant mid - i; */ while (i < mid && t[i] == t[n-i-1]) { i++; } return i == mid; }
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/*@ requires \valid(a) && \valid(b) && \valid_read(a) && \valid_read(b); assigns *a, *b; ensures *a == \old(*b); ensures *b == \old(*a); */ void foo(int* a, int* b) { int tmp = *a; *a = *b; *b = tmp; }
10