Datasets:

esa-sceva
/

satcom-mcqa

Questions stringlengths 12 307	Option1 stringlengths 1 262	Option2 stringlengths 1 257	Option3 stringlengths 1 245	Option4 stringlengths 1 207 ⌀	Option5 stringlengths 1 147 ⌀	Answer stringclasses 8 values	Topic stringclasses 32 values	Mathematical Reasoning Required stringclasses 2 values	Raw Latex Formula stringclasses 127 values
Antenna gain increases when the effective area of the antenna is:	Decreased	Increased	Constant	None of these	null	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
As BER improves from10^-2 to 10^-4 error rate changes by factor:	10x	50x	100x	500x	null	Option 3	Bit error rate	No	null
BER can be reduced by:	Increasing bandwidth	Decreasing transmit power	Using error correction	Decreasing frequency	Reducing antenna size	Option 3	BER	No	null
BER is typically tested using:	Practical transmission only	Simulation and tests	Hardware only	Software algorithms only	Theoretical data only	Option 2	BER	No	null
BER performance is plotted against:	Frequency	SNR or Eb/N0	Latency	Bandwidth	Power	Option 2	Bit error rate	No	null
Carrier to Noise Ratio (CNR) measures:	Power ratio of signal to noise	Frequency difference	Signal delay	null	null	Option 1	Carrier-to-noise ratio	No	null
CNR is often expressed in:	Watts	dBm	dB	Percent	Hertz	Option 3	Carrier-to-noise ratio	No	null
For BPSK in AWGN, BER decreases when:	SNR decreases	BER is independent of SNR	SNR increases	null	null	Option 3	Bit error rate	No	null
Higher CNR typically means:	Better signal quality	More noise	Lower signal power	Higher latency	Less bandwidth	Option 1	Carrier-to-noise ratio	No	null
Higher frequencies in the mmWave band result in	Lower path loss	Higher attenuation	No attenuation	Higher antenna gain	null	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
How does averaging multiple signal samples affect SNR?	Decreases SNR	Increases SNR	No effect	Converts noise to signal	Inverts signal polarity	Option 2	SNR	No	null
How does NTN improve 5G coverage?	By providing additional fiber optic links	Through integration of satellite and airborne nodes	Only by deploying more cell towers	By increasing base station power	By using WiFi hotspots	Option 2	NTN	No	null
How is SNR related to bit error rate (BER) in digital communications?	Higher SNR means higher BER	Higher SNR means lower BER	SNR does not affect BER	null	null	Option 2	SNR	No	null
If antenna gain doubles, received power will	Double	Increase by 3 dB	Increase by 6 dB	Remain same	Decrease	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
If the noise temperature increases, the noise power will	Increase	Decrease	Remain constant	Become zero	Be negligible	Option 1	Link Budget	No	null
If transmitter power is 1 watt, its equivalent in dBm is	0 dBm	20 dBm	40 dBm	null	null	Option 3	Link Budget	No	null
In 5G NTN, what does NTN stand for?	Network Time Node	Non-Terrestrial Network	New Terrestrial Node	Network Telemetry Node	null	Option 2	5G NTN	No	null
In 5G NTN, what does UE stand for?	Universal Endpoint	User Equipment	Unit Equipment	null	null	Option 2	5G NTN	No	null
In 5G NTN, what is a feeder link?	User to satellite	Gateway to satellite	Satellite to satellite	null	null	Option 2	5G NTN	No	null
In a noisy channel, BER is influenced by:	Temperature only	Bandwidth only	Noise variance	Antenna gain	null	Option 3	Bit error rate	No	null
In link budget analysis, a fading margin of 10 dB means	10 dB power surplus to handle signal fading	10 dB loss due to equipment	10 dB extra antenna gain	null	null	Option 1	Link Budget	No	null
In link budget terminology, what does G/T represent?	Antenna gain / Temperature ratio	Geographical terrain	Gain to transmission	Gain over time	null	Option 1	Link Budget	No	null
In NTN, which parameter is critical to maintain link quality due to satellite movement?	Doppler shift	Transmission power	Antenna size	null	null	Option 1	Non-Terrestrial Networks	No	null
In the context of delay, which has the highest round-trip latency?	LEO	MEO	GEO	VLEO	null	Option 3	5G NTN	No	null
In wireless, fading results in:	Lower BER	Higher BER	No effect	null	null	Option 2	BER	No	null
Increasing noise power while signal power remains constant will:	Increase CNR	Decrease CNR	No change	null	null	Option 2	Carrier-to-noise ratio	No	null
Increasing SNR by 3 dB typically changes BER by:	Double	Half	No change	Triple	Quarter	Option 2	Bit error rate	No	null
On-board processing allows satellites to	Process data before sending it to Earth	Only capture images	Work without ground control	Transmit data without antennas	Operate without power	Option 1	Onboard processing	No	null
On-board processing can help in	Filtering out unusable data before transmission	Increasing the number of satellites	Faster satellite launches	null	null	Option 1	Onboard processing	No	null
Satellite buses are generally classified by	Orbit altitude	Mass and power capacity	Earth region coverage	null	null	Option 2	Satellite bus	No	null
Satellite user terminals must compensate for Doppler shift in	GEO satellites only	LEO satellites only	All satellite types	null	null	Option 4	Satellite User terminal	No	null
The beamwidth of an antenna is inversely proportional to	Signal frequency	Antenna size	Both frequency and size	null	null	Option 3	Link Budget	No	null
The link budget can help in predicting all except	Equipment weight and size	Prime power requirements	Maximum antenna size	Technical risk	null	Option 3	Link Budget	No	null
The link budget must be ______ than the receiver sensitivity for successful communication	Greater	Smaller	Equal	null	null	Option 1	Link Budget	No	null
The main advantage of using dB units in link budget calculations is	Easier multiplication	Easier addition and subtraction	More accuracy	null	null	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
The noise figure of a receiver quantifies	Receiver gain	Noise factor of receiver	Signal attenuation	Power output	null	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
The noise power is proportional to	Temperature only	Bandwidth only	Temperature and bandwidth	None of these	null	Option 3	Link Budget	No	null
The term "fading margin" in link budget means	Extra power to overcome fading	Power loss due to rain	Antenna gain loss	null	null	Option 1	Link Budget	No	null
User terminals generally use which kind of antenna for mobility?	Parabolic dish	Phased array	Yagi-Uda	Dipole	Omnidirectional	Option 2	Satellite User terminal	No	null
What aspect distinguishes NTN from traditional terrestrial networks?	Use of fiber optics	Utilization of space-based or airborne platforms	Use of conventional cell towers	null	null	Option 2	NTN	No	null
What aspect of a satellite bus affects its ability to maintain orientation?	Thermal control	Attitude control subsystem	Communication system	Power generation	null	Option 2	Satellite bus	No	null
What causes the fading margin to be included in link budgets?	To compensate for signal variations	To increase noise figure	To improve transmit power	To reduce interference	To improve bandwidth	Option 1	Link Budget	No	null
What characterizes line of sight (LOS) communication?	Obstructed path	Direct, unobstructed path	Multiple reflections	High attenuation	null	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
What does "fade margin" help overcome in a wireless link?	Interference	Weather and multi-path fading	Cable loss	null	null	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
What does a link budget calculate?	Useful signal power only	Interfering noise power only	Useful signal & interfering noise power	null	null	Option 3	Link Budget	No	null
What does â€œtrackingâ€	Monitoring satellite speed	Determining the satelliteâ€™s exact location	Sending commands to satellite	Data encryption	Signal modulation	Option 2	TT&C	No	null
What does â€œtrackingâ€ in TT&C refer to?	Monitoring satellite speed	Determining the satelliteâ€™s exact location	Sending commands to satellite	Data encryption	Signal modulation	Option 2	TT&C	No	null
What does EIRP stand for?	Effective Isotropic Radiated Power	Electrical Input Radiation Power	Equivalent Isotropic Radiation Power	Energy Isotropic Radiated Power	None of the above	Option 1	Link Budget	No	null
What does Non-Terrestrial Network primarily refer to?	Underwater networks	Satellite and airborne communication systems	Fiber optic networks	Cellular tower communication	null	Option 2	Non-Terrestrial Networks	No	null
What does signal to noise ratio (SNR) represent?	Ratio of noise power to signal power	Ratio of signal power to noise power	Ratio of signal frequency to noise frequency	Ratio of signal amplitude to power	Ratio of noise voltage to signal voltage	Option 2	Signal-to-noise ratio	No	null
What does the acronym NTN stand for in telecom context?	Network Throughput Node	Near-Terrestrial Network	Non-Terrestrial Network	Node Transport Network	Narrowband Transmission Network	Option 3	Non-Terrestrial Networks	No	null
What does the Command and Data Handling subsystem in the bus control?	Only payload commands	Data processing, telemetry, and commands	Power regulation	null	null	Option 2	Satellite bus	No	null
What does the term 'bus capacity' mean in satellite design?	Payload mass limit	Maximum power generation and storage	Communication bandwidth	null	null	Option 2	Satellite bus	No	null
What does the term "fade margin" ensure?	Power surplus to handle fading	Avoids interference	Maximizes antenna gain	Reduces noise figure	null	Option 1	Link Budget	No	null
What does uplink refer to in satellite gateway communication?	Transmission from satellite to Earth	Transmission from Earth to satellite	Signal processing	Satellite tracking	null	Option 2	Satellite gateway	No	null
What frequency bands are often used in Non-Terrestrial Networks?	Ultra High Frequency (UHF) only	VHF and below	Ku, Ka, and S bands	null	null	Option 3	Non-Terrestrial Networks	No	null
What frequency bands are typically used by satellite user terminals?	L, S, C, Ku bands	VHF only	Infrared only	X-band only	null	Option 1	Satellite User terminal	No	null
What happens to a signal if SNR is less than 1?	Signal is stronger than noise	Signal is weaker than noise	Signal is unaffected	Noise is eliminated	null	Option 2	Signal-to-noise ratio	No	null
What happens to link budget requirements in non-line-of-sight conditions?	Requirements decrease	Requirements increase	No effect	Antenna gain suffices	Only noise changes	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
What happens to satellite bandwidth if the modulation order increases?	It increases	It decreases	It remains same	It varies randomly	null	Option 2	Satellite Bandwidth	No	null
What happens when antenna's beamwidth narrows?	Gain decreases	Gain increases	Frequency decreases	Power decreases	Noise increases	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
What is a common BER target for cellular systems?	10^-1	10^-2	10^-3	10^-6	10^-9	Option 4	Bit error rate	No	null
What is a key advantage of LEO satellites in NTN?	Higher latency	Lower propagation delay	Fixed position relative to Earth	null	null	Option 2	Non-Terrestrial Networks	No	null
What is a key challenge in implementing on-board processing?	Limited bandwidth on Earth	Radiation tolerance of processors	Too much ground station coverage	Excessive storage space	No network delay	Option 2	Onboard processing	No	null
What is a major challenge in uplink transmission?	Low power	Interference and path loss	High bandwidth	null	null	Option 2	Uplink	No	null
What is a transponder in the context of satellite broadcasting?	A ground station antenna	A device that receives, amplifies, and retransmits signals	Data encryption module	User receiver	null	Option 2	Satellite broadcasting	No	null
What is meant by 'symbol rate' in satellite communications?	Number of bits per second	Number of symbols transmitted per second	Number of satellites used	Satellite spin rate	Signal wavelength	Option 2	Satellite Bandwidth	No	null
What is meant by 'uplink' in satellite communication?	Transmission from satellite to ground station	Transmission from ground station to satellite	Satellite tracking	Signal processing	Orbit correction	Option 2	Uplink	No	null
What is often a bottleneck in TCP over satellite links?	Propagation delay	Data rate	Packet size	Error rate	null	Option 1	TCP over satellite	No	null
What is satellite bandwidth primarily used for?	Power transmission	Data transmission capacity	Satellite positioning	null	null	Option 2	Satellite Bandwidth	No	null
What is the common polarization used in satellite broadcasting to reduce interference?	Circular	Linear vertical	Linear horizontal	null	null	Option 1	Satellite broadcasting	No	null
What is the effect of increasing bandwidth on noise power?	Noise power decreases	Noise power increases	Noise power remains same	Noise power fluctuates randomly	Noise power is zero	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
What is the effect of rain on the link budget?	Increases signal power	Causes attenuation	Increases antenna gain	null	null	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
What is the latency effect of a satellite gateway in GEO satellite networks?	Negligible	Significant due to distance	Instantaneous	Random	null	Option 2	Satellite gateway	No	null
What is the main advantage of satellite broadcasting over terrestrial broadcasting?	Lower cost	Larger coverage area	Lower latency	Higher security	null	Option 2	Satellite broadcasting	No	null
What is the main benefit of 5G NTN for ships at sea?	High spectrum	Low power	Extended coverage	null	null	Option 3	5G NTN	No	null
What is the main function of a satellite user terminal?	Transmit signals to the satellite only	Receive signals from the satellite only	Interface the end user to the satellite network	Control satellite orbit	Provide power to the satellite	Option 3	Satellite User terminal	No	null
What is the main limitation of GEO satellites for NTN?	Limited coverage	High latency due to distance	Complex Doppler shift	High power requirement	Small antenna gain	Option 2	NTN	No	null
What is the main metric in BER performance curves?	SNR	Frequency	Modulation	Latency	null	Option 1	BER	No	null
What is the main purpose of a link budget?	Estimate antenna size	Measure noise power	Determine if received signal strength meets minimum requirements	Calculate modulation scheme	null	Option 3	Link Budget	No	null
What is the main purpose of on-board processing in satellites?	Storing raw data only	Amplifying signals only	Processing and managing data on the satellite	null	null	Option 3	Onboard processing	No	null
What is the noise floor often expressed as?	dBm	mW	Volts	dB	Amperes	Option 1	Link Budget	No	null
What is the primary function of a satellite gateway?	Launch satellites	Track satellites	Interface between satellite and terrestrial networks	null	null	Option 3	Satellite gateway	No	null
What is the primary material often used for satellite bus structure?	Steel	Aluminum alloy	Wood	null	null	Option 2	Satellite bus	No	null
What is the primary purpose of satellite broadcasting?	One-to-one communication	One-to-many communication	Many-to-one communication	Data storage	null	Option 2	Satellite broadcasting	No	null
What is the roll-off factor in satellite bandwidth calculation?	Power loss ratio	Bandwidth expansion factor due to filtering	Satellite speed	Noise figure	Signal strength ratio	Option 2	Satellite Bandwidth	No	null
What is the significance of a high G/T ratio in satellites?	Low noise and high gain	High noise and low gain	High attenuation	Low sensitivity	null	Option 1	Link Budget	No	null
What is the typical bandwidth of a satellite transponder in MHz?	1-5 MHz	10-50 MHz	36-72 MHz	100-200 MHz	null	Option 3	Telecommunication Payload	No	null
What is the typical unit used to express antenna gain?	dB	dBi	dBm	null	null	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
What is the unit commonly used for power in link budget calculations?	Watts	Decibel (dB)	Volts	Amperes	Hertz	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
What is the unit of noise figure?	Watts	dBm	Decibels (dB)	null	null	Option 3	SNR	No	null
What kind of gateway architecture improves redundancy?	Single gateway	Distributed gateways	No gateway	Satellite-only networks	Ground-only networks	Option 2	Satellite gateway	No	null
What kind of tracking do user terminals for GEO satellites require?	Fast beam steering	Slow, fixed pointing	No tracking at all	null	null	Option 2	Satellite User terminal	No	null
What modulation technique is widely used in modern wireless systems?	FM	QAM	AM	PAM	PWM	Option 2	Wireless communication systems	No	null
What role do synchronization errors play in BER?	Reduce BER	No effect	Increase BER	Fix bits	null	Option 3	Bit error rate	No	null
What unit is used to express bit error rate (BER)?	Decibel	Watts	Probability	null	null	Option 3	Link Budget	No	null
Which component in a satellite user terminal converts RF signals to baseband?	Antenna	Modulator	Demodulator	null	null	Option 3	Satellite User terminal	No	null
Which condition indicates a good quality signal?	SNR near 0 dB	Negative SNR	High positive SNR	SNR below -10 dB	null	Option 3	Signal-to-noise ratio	No	null
Which factor directly affects the required bandwidth in satellite communication?	Satellite altitude	Data rate and modulation scheme	Power supply	null	null	Option 2	Satellite Bandwidth	No	null
Which factor does NOT affect BER?	Channel fading	Bit rate	Temperature	Modulation scheme	null	Option 3	Bit error rate	No	null

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

🛰️ Satcom Multiple Choice Question-Answer Dataset

Dataset Summary

SATCOM-MCQA is a human-generated multiple-choice evaluation dataset for Satellite Communications (SatCom).

Around 1,000 questions with 3-4–5 answer options each
Questions cover technical SatCom topics (e.g., link budget, BER, antenna gain, propagation)
~30% math-focused questions requiring quantitative reasoning
Designed for evaluation

Key Features

Human-written multiple-choice questions
Covers core SatCom/NTN domains:
- Link Budget
- Bit Error Rate (BER)
- Antenna & Beamforming
- Propagation & Frequency bands
- Multi-layer NTNs (satellites, HAPS, UAVs)
- 6G integration
Includes reference links where relevant
No synthetic content or model-generated text

Intended Use

Benchmarking LLMs or classifiers on technical SatCom MCQ reasoning
Evaluating knowledge in satellite engineering, NTN design, and 6G research
Testing quantitative reasoning in engineering tasks

Data Structure

Fields

question (string) — the question text
options (list of strings) — multiple-choice options
answer (string) — the correct option (e.g., "Option 2")
topic (string) — the domain/topic of the question
mathematical_reasoning_required (bool) — if numeric/math reasoning is needed
raw_latex (string or null) — optional LaTeX formulas

Example

{
  "question": "Antenna gain increases when the effective area of the antenna is:",
  "options": ["Decreased", "Increased", "Constant", "None of these"],
  "answer": "Option 2",
  "topic": "Link Budget",
  "mathematical_reasoning_required": false,
  "raw_latex": null
}

Source Material

Questions were crafted using academic and technical literature on SatCom:

Link budget fundamentals
Bit error rate calculations
Antenna design and beamforming papers
Publicly available academic reports

Example Usage in Python

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("esa-sceva/satcom-mcqa")
test_ds = ds["train"]
sample = test_ds[0]
print("Question:", sample["question"])
print("Options:", sample["options"])
print("Answer:", sample["answer"])

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Size of downloaded dataset files:

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Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:

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Number of rows:

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