image
image | image_id
string | caption
string | cui
sequence | questions
sequence | id
int64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000001
|
Head CT demonstrating left parotiditis.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What are the typical imaging findings associated with left parotiditis on a head CT scan?",
"What differential diagnoses should be considered for a lesion involving the left parotid gland on a CT scan?",
"What imaging features would help distinguish between acute and chronic parotiditis on a head CT?"
] | 0
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000002
|
Acquired renal cysts in end-stage renal failure: 16-year-old girl with Alport syndrome and peritoneal dialysis from the age of 2 years
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What are the typical imaging characteristics of acquired renal cysts in a patient with end-stage renal failure, and how do they appear in this 16-year-old girl with Alport syndrome?",
"How does the presence of peritoneal dialysis from the age of 2 years potentially contribute to the development of acquired renal cysts in this patient?"
] | 1
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000003
|
Computed tomography of the chest showing the right breast nodule with irregular margins
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What features of the nodule's morphology are described in the radiological image caption, and how might these characteristics influence the differential diagnosis?",
"What additional imaging features or findings would be relevant to evaluate in order to better characterize the nature of the right breast nodule?",
"What are the possible benign and malignant differential diagnoses for a breast nodule with irregular margins on computed tomography, and what further imaging or clinical correlation might be needed?"
] | 2
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000004
|
Lateral view of the sacrum showing the low contrast between bone and soft tissue.
|
[
"C0002978"
] |
[
"What factors could contribute to the low contrast observed between bone and soft tissue in the lateral view of the sacrum?",
"How might the low contrast between bone and soft tissue affect the diagnostic accuracy in identifying potential abnormalities in the sacrum?",
"What imaging techniques or adjustments could be employed to enhance the contrast between bone and soft tissue in this view of the sacrum?"
] | 3
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000005
|
Thoracic CT scan showing perihilar pulmonary lymphadenomegaly
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the most likely etiology of the perihilar pulmonary lymphadenomegaly observed on the thoracic CT scan?",
"Are there any associated findings on the CT scan that could suggest a specific underlying condition such as infection, malignancy, or autoimmune disease?",
"What are the typical imaging characteristics of perihilar lymphadenomegaly on a thoracic CT scan, and how do they differentiate it from other causes of hilar enlargement?"
] | 4
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000006
|
5.1 cm x 3.4 cm x 4 cm multiloculated hepatic abscess in the inferior posterior aspect of the right lobe
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What are the typical imaging characteristics of a multiloculated hepatic abscess that could be observed on a radiological image?",
"What potential underlying conditions or risk factors could be associated with the development of a hepatic abscess in the inferior posterior aspect of the right lobe?",
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for a multiloculated lesion in the right hepatic lobe based on its size, location, and morphology?"
] | 5
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000007
|
Repeat CT abdomen and pelvis showing resolution of collection with no new abscess
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What specific findings are observed in the current CT abdomen and pelvis image regarding the previously noted collection?",
"Are there any residual abnormalities or signs of ongoing inflammation visible in the abdominal and pelvic regions on the current CT scan?"
] | 6
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000008
|
Computed tomography of the head on Day 0 shows mild to moderate hydrocephalus with the presence of a right posterior parietal VP shunt tube that traverses the right lateral ventricle.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are involved in the presence of mild to moderate hydrocephalus as described in the computed tomography of the head?",
"What is the location and trajectory of the right posterior parietal VP shunt tube as visualized on the computed tomography scan?"
] | 7
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000009
|
Computed tomography of the head on Day 22 shows dilated left lateral ventricle with parenchymal hemorrhage in the right frontal lobe (black arrows) and intraventricular hemorrhage (white arrow) despite ventriculostomy tubes.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the significance of the dilated left lateral ventricle observed in the computed tomography of the head?",
"What are the potential clinical implications of the parenchymal hemorrhage in the right frontal lobe as depicted in the image?",
"How does the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage correlate with the placement of ventriculostomy tubes in this patient?"
] | 8
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000010
|
Preop CT showing left orbital floor fracture
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What are the typical clinical signs and symptoms that may be associated with a left orbital floor fracture as seen on the preoperative CT scan?",
"What potential complications can arise from a left orbital floor fracture, and how might they be identified on a CT scan?",
"What anatomical structures are most commonly involved in a left orbital floor fracture, and how does their involvement appear on a CT image?"
] | 9
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000011
|
Postop 22-month CT scan (sagittal): Posteriorly the graft seated in a sound bone
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What specific anatomical structure is described as being in a sound condition within the posterior region based on the CT scan?",
"What type of imaging modality and orientation was used to obtain the described radiological image?"
] | 10
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000012
|
Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of head revealed bilateral cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres abnormal meningeal enhancement.
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What specific anatomical regions are involved in the abnormal meningeal enhancement observed on the enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the head?",
"What could be the possible etiologies or differential diagnoses for the presence of bilateral meningeal enhancement in the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres?",
"What additional imaging sequences or studies might be warranted to further characterize the nature and extent of the meningeal enhancement?"
] | 11
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000013
|
Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord delineated multiple enhancement nodules in spinal cord, cauda equina, and cristae membrane (arrow).
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What is the significance of the multiple enhancement nodules observed in the spinal cord, cauda equina, and cristae membrane on the enhanced magnetic resonance imaging?",
"What potential pathological conditions could be associated with the presence of enhancement nodules in the spinal cord and surrounding structures as depicted in the image?",
"How does the location of the enhancement nodules in the spinal cord, cauda equina, and cristae membrane influence the differential diagnosis?"
] | 12
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000014
|
Sagittal T2-SPAIR image illustrating the "fluid sign (arrow)" in the acute osteoporotic compression fracture.
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What is the significance of the 'fluid sign' observed in the sagittal T2-SPAIR image of an acute osteoporotic compression fracture?",
"How does the presence of the 'fluid sign' help differentiate an acute osteoporotic compression fracture from other types of vertebral fractures on T2-SPAIR imaging?",
"What specific imaging characteristics of the 'fluid sign' are typically visualized on a sagittal T2-SPAIR sequence in the context of an acute osteoporotic compression fracture?"
] | 13
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000015
|
CT demonstrating partially obstructed airway.CT: computed tomography.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are involved in the partially obstructed airway observed on the CT scan?",
"What are the potential etiologies that could lead to a partially obstructed airway as seen in this CT image?",
"What imaging features on the CT scan would help differentiate between partial airway obstruction due to inflammation versus a structural abnormality?"
] | 14
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000016
|
CT demonstrating the minimum diameter of the patient's airway.CT: computed tomography.This CT image demonstrates the minimum luminal airway dimension found which was 8 mm x 3 mm.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the minimum luminal airway dimension observed in the CT image, and how is this measurement clinically significant in the context of airway pathology?",
"Based on the provided dimensions, what potential airway conditions or obstructions could be inferred from the minimum luminal airway measurement of 8 mm x 3 mm?"
] | 15
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000017
|
Strawberry skull.
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What is the typical radiographic appearance of a 'strawberry skull' and what pathological condition is it associated with?",
"What are the underlying anatomical and pathological features that contribute to the characteristic appearance of a strawberry skull on imaging?",
"What are the potential clinical implications and differential diagnoses that should be considered in a patient presenting with a strawberry skull appearance on imaging?"
] | 16
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000018
|
Hypotelorism.
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are typically associated with hypotelorism, and how does this finding relate to midline facial development?",
"What are the potential underlying etiologies or congenital conditions that may be associated with hypotelorism observed in this radiological image?",
"How might hypotelorism be distinguished from other midface abnormalities on radiological imaging, and what additional imaging modalities could be considered for further evaluation?"
] | 17
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000019
|
Low set ears.
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are typically associated with low set ears, and how might this finding be related to other congenital abnormalities?",
"What are the potential implications of low set ears in the context of a comprehensive craniofacial evaluation?",
"What imaging modalities are commonly used to further evaluate the underlying causes of low set ears, and what findings might they reveal?"
] | 18
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000020
|
Atrial septal defect.
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What are the typical radiological findings that may be observed in a patient with an atrial septal defect on a chest radiograph?",
"How does the presence of an atrial septal defect potentially affect the cardiac silhouette and pulmonary vasculature on a radiological image?",
"What additional imaging modalities might be considered to further evaluate the size and location of an atrial septal defect beyond a standard radiograph?"
] | 19
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000021
|
Single umbilical artery seen on axial section.
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What is the significance of identifying a single umbilical artery on an axial radiological image?",
"What are the potential clinical implications associated with the presence of a single umbilical artery observed on axial imaging?"
] | 20
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000022
|
Abdominopelvic ultrasound scan showed ectopic kidneys at the hemi-pelvis, fused in their upper poles, normal size and texture of the kidneys with normal corticomedullary differentiation, no stones or obstructive changes
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What anatomical position and morphological feature of the kidneys is described in the radiological image caption?",
"What findings regarding the structure and appearance of the kidneys are noted in the radiological image caption?",
"What specific abnormalities or pathologies are excluded based on the radiological image caption?"
] | 21
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000023
|
Computed tomography urography. The right kidney is ectopically placed in the pelvis, measures 9.6 cm bipolar length, and is medially and inferiorly faced. The left kidney is also ectopically placed in the pelvis, measures 9.3 cm in bipolar length, is mal-rotated as the pelvis faces upward and laterally, both kidneys are partially fused at their upper poles
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the anatomical location of the right kidney, and what specific features are described regarding its position and size in the provided computed tomography urography?",
"How is the left kidney positioned, and what abnormalities are noted in its orientation and size based on the radiological findings?",
"What is the relationship between the two kidneys as described in the radiological image caption, and what implications might this have for renal function or anatomy?"
] | 22
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000024
|
Left coronary angiography showing the presence of two coronary arteriovenous fistulas (CAFs), originating from the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (Cx) coronary arteries draining into the pulmonary artery
|
[
"C0002978"
] |
[
"What are the specific locations of the coronary arteriovenous fistulas (CAFs) as described in the radiological image caption?",
"Which cardiac structures are involved as the source and destination of the coronary arteriovenous fistulas in this case?",
"What potential clinical implications might be associated with the presence of two coronary arteriovenous fistulas draining into the pulmonary artery?"
] | 23
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000025
|
Right coronary angiography showing the presence of the right coronary sinus of Valsalva (RCSV) with a coronary arteriovenous fistula (CAFs) draining into the pulmonary artery
|
[
"C0002978"
] |
[
"What is the anatomical structure identified as the right coronary sinus of Valsalva in the right coronary angiography?",
"What is the nature of the abnormal connection observed between the coronary arteries and the pulmonary artery in this image?",
"What are the potential clinical implications of the presence of a coronary arteriovenous fistula draining into the pulmonary artery?"
] | 24
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000026
|
Previous CT scan of abdomen showing two pseudocysts in the pancreatic tail (white arrows).
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What are the typical imaging characteristics of pseudocysts in the pancreatic tail as seen on a CT scan?",
"What potential complications are associated with the presence of pseudocysts in the pancreatic tail?"
] | 25
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000027
|
New CTA of abdomen showing huge variegated hematoma (yellow arrows) suggesting recent hemorrhage.CTA, CT with angiography
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the likely etiology of the variegated hematoma observed in the CTA of the abdomen, and what clinical conditions could be associated with such a finding?",
"What specific imaging characteristics of the hematoma on the CTA suggest that the hemorrhage is recent, and how does this appearance differ from chronic hematoma on imaging?"
] | 26
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000028
|
Chest CT scan revealed fibrosis within the irregular strip located in dorsal anasal segment of lower lobes.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the anatomical location of the fibrosis identified in the chest CT scan, and what specific segment of the lower lobe is involved?",
"What are the potential etiologies or underlying conditions that could lead to the development of fibrosis in the dorsal anasal segment of the lower lobes?",
"What are the typical imaging characteristics of fibrosis in this region, and how might they appear on a chest CT scan?"
] | 27
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000029
|
Coronal view of the intra-nasal foreign body.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the coronal view of the intra-nasal foreign body?",
"What are the potential clinical implications of identifying a foreign body within the nasal cavity based on the radiological findings?",
"What imaging characteristics would help differentiate between a radiopaque and radiolucent foreign body in this coronal view?"
] | 28
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000030
|
Sagittal view of the calcified nasal packing.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the purpose of the calcified material observed in the nasal cavity on the sagittal radiological image?",
"What clinical scenarios or conditions might be associated with the presence of calcified nasal packing as seen in the sagittal view?",
"What anatomical structures are likely to be visualized in proximity to the calcified nasal packing in the sagittal plane?"
] | 29
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000031
|
Transverse view of the calcified foreign body. Extensive sinusitis of the right and left maxillary sinuses is evident.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are involved in the extensive sinusitis described in the radiological image caption?",
"What is the significance of the presence of a calcified foreign body in the context of the sinusitis observed?",
"What clinical implications might the combination of a calcified foreign body and extensive sinusitis have for the patient's diagnosis and management?"
] | 30
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000032
|
Chest radiograph showing reticular opacities prominent in bilateral mid and lower zones.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] |
[
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for reticular opacities seen in the bilateral mid and lower zones of a chest radiograph?",
"What are the common underlying pathologic processes that can lead to the development of reticular opacities in the lower lung zones?",
"What additional imaging modalities or clinical evaluations would be helpful in further characterizing the reticular opacities observed in this chest radiograph?"
] | 31
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000033
|
CT chest showing ground-glass opacities with bilateral minimal pleural effusion.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the likely clinical significance of the ground-glass opacities observed in the CT chest image?",
"What are the potential underlying causes of the bilateral minimal pleural effusion seen in the radiological image?",
"How might the presence of ground-glass opacities and pleural effusion influence the differential diagnosis in this patient?"
] | 32
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000034
|
Follow up chest radiograph after 4 weeks showing radiological resolution.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] |
[
"What specific radiological findings indicate resolution of the previously identified pathology on the follow-up chest radiograph?",
"What anatomical regions were primarily evaluated to confirm the radiological resolution observed in the follow-up chest radiograph?"
] | 33
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000035
|
Coronary angiogram illustrating spasm in the LAD.
|
[
"C0002978"
] |
[
"What anatomical structure is primarily affected by the spasm observed in the radiological image?",
"What are the potential clinical implications of spasm in the left anterior descending artery as depicted in the coronary angiogram?",
"What characteristic features of the coronary angiogram would be indicative of a spasm in the LAD rather than a fixed obstructive lesion?"
] | 34
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000036
|
After administration of IV nitrates and resolution of the narrowing in the LAD.
|
[
"C0002978"
] |
[
"What anatomical structure is primarily being referred to in the radiological image caption?",
"What pharmacological intervention is mentioned as being administered prior to the observed change in the image?",
"What specific finding is described as having resolved following the administration of the medication?"
] | 35
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000037
|
Ventricular fibrillation.
|
[
"C0002978"
] |
[
"What are the characteristic electrocardiographic findings typically associated with ventricular fibrillation?",
"What are the potential underlying causes that can lead to the development of ventricular fibrillation?",
"What are the immediate clinical implications and management priorities identified in a patient presenting with ventricular fibrillation?"
] | 36
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000038
|
Abdominal CT. Abdominal CT shows a mass communicated with the small intestinal lumen (white arrow), and the outer and inner margins of the mass are irregular. A lymph node involvement is observed in the adjacent mesentery (red arrow)
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the significance of the irregular outer and inner margins of the mass in relation to the small intestinal lumen?",
"What features of the lymph node involvement in the adjacent mesentery suggest possible metastatic spread or reactive hyperplasia?",
"What differential diagnoses should be considered for a mass communicating with the small intestinal lumen on abdominal CT?"
] | 37
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000039
|
Abdominal CT. After enhancement, abdominal CT shows a small low-density lesion in the seventh segment of the liver (black arrow)
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the significance of a low-density lesion observed in the seventh segment of the liver on the enhanced abdominal CT scan?",
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for a low-density lesion in the seventh segment of the liver as seen on this abdominal CT scan?",
"What imaging characteristics should be further evaluated to determine the nature of the low-density lesion in the seventh segment of the liver?"
] | 38
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000040
|
Chest CT. Chest CT shows an irregular contours mass in anterior mediastinum with mild heterogenetic enhancement (white arrow)
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the location and appearance of the abnormality observed in the chest CT scan?",
"What type of enhancement is noted in the irregular contour mass within the anterior mediastinum?",
"What are the potential differential diagnoses for an irregular contour mass with mild heterogeneous enhancement in the anterior mediastinum?"
] | 39
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000041
|
Chest X-ray showing bilateral clavicular hypoplasia.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] |
[
"What is the clinical significance of bilateral clavicular hypoplasia observed on the chest X-ray?",
"What are the potential etiologies that could lead to the development of bilateral clavicular hypoplasia?",
"Are there any associated findings on the chest X-ray that might suggest an underlying systemic or congenital condition?"
] | 40
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000042
|
A slide from CT abdomen that shows that the patient is very thin with large ascites and very large liver.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What are the potential underlying conditions that could be associated with the presence of large ascites and a very large liver in a thin patient on a CT abdomen?",
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for a thin patient presenting with significant ascites and hepatomegaly on abdominal CT?",
"What imaging features should be further evaluated on the CT scan to better characterize the etiology of the ascites and enlarged liver?"
] | 41
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000043
|
Sigmoid colon cancer invading to the retroperitoneum at the time of initial diagnosis.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are involved in the extent of the sigmoid colon cancer as described in the radiological image caption?",
"How does the involvement of the retroperitoneum by the sigmoid colon cancer affect the staging and potential treatment options for the patient?",
"What imaging characteristics would be expected to confirm the invasion of the sigmoid colon cancer into the retroperitoneum on a radiological image?"
] | 42
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000044
|
Retroperitoneal abscess adjacent to the sigmoid colon tumor.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What are the potential clinical implications of a retroperitoneal abscess in proximity to a sigmoid colon tumor?",
"What imaging characteristics would be most helpful in differentiating a retroperitoneal abscess from other retroperitoneal pathologies in this context?",
"What are the possible etiologies for the development of a retroperitoneal abscess adjacent to a sigmoid colon tumor?"
] | 43
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000045
|
Abnormal air accumulation in the subcutaneous space of the left thigh.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the potential etiology of the abnormal air accumulation observed in the subcutaneous space of the left thigh?",
"What are the possible clinical implications of air in the subcutaneous tissue of the left thigh?",
"What imaging features would be most helpful in differentiating this finding from other causes of subcutaneous air?"
] | 44
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000046
|
CT of the abdomen showing hepatomegaly
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What are the potential underlying causes of hepatomegaly that could be further investigated with additional imaging or clinical evaluation?",
"Are there any associated findings on the CT scan that might suggest a specific etiology for the hepatomegaly, such as fatty infiltration, cirrhosis, or mass lesion?",
"What differential diagnoses should be considered in the context of hepatomegaly observed on this abdominal CT scan?"
] | 45
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000047
|
Abdominal ultrasound showing hepatic parenchymal disease
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What specific features of the hepatic parenchyma are typically associated with hepatic parenchymal disease as seen on an abdominal ultrasound?",
"What differential diagnoses should be considered when hepatic parenchymal disease is identified on an abdominal ultrasound?"
] | 46
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000048
|
Carpentier type 3B: restrictive leaflet motion—systole (closure): ischaemic mitral regurgitation.
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What specific anatomical feature of the mitral valve is indicated by the description of Carpentier type 3B in the radiological image caption?",
"How does the presence of restrictive leaflet motion during systole contribute to the development of ischaemic mitral regurgitation as described in the caption?",
"What underlying cardiac pathology is most likely associated with the observed pattern of mitral valve dysfunction described in the radiological image caption?"
] | 47
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000049
|
FB (cutlery handle) in the DII
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0000726",
"C1996865"
] |
[
"What is the radiological finding described as 'FB (cutlery handle)' in the DII, and what does this terminology suggest about the appearance of the foreign body?",
"In which anatomical region is the foreign body located, and what are the potential clinical implications of its presence in this location?",
"What are the common sources or mechanisms of foreign body ingestion that could lead to the presence of a cutlery handle in the DII?"
] | 48
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000050
|
Brain MRI Flaire image showing hyperintensities in basal ganglias
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What is the significance of hyperintensities observed in the basal ganglia on a Brain MRI Flair image?",
"What are the possible differential diagnoses that could account for hyperintensities in the basal ganglia on a Flair sequence?",
"What additional imaging sequences or studies might be warranted to further evaluate the hyperintensities in the basal ganglia?"
] | 49
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000051
|
Abdominal computed tomography shows an enterolith (white arrow) measuring 3 cm in the proximal afferent loop.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the size and location of the enterolith identified in the abdominal computed tomography image?",
"What are the potential clinical implications of an enterolith measuring 3 cm in the proximal afferent loop?",
"What imaging characteristics typically distinguish an enterolith from other types of intraluminal calcifications in the gastrointestinal tract?"
] | 50
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000052
|
Cervical Spine MRISagittal MRI of the cervical spine demonstrated nodular contrast enhancement of the lesion at the cervicomedullary junction.
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What specific finding is observed at the cervicomedullary junction in the sagittal MRI of the cervical spine?",
"What type of imaging feature is described by the term 'nodular contrast enhancement' in the context of this lesion?",
"What anatomical region is primarily involved based on the description provided in the radiological image caption?"
] | 51
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000053
|
Cervical Spine MRI showing rapid enlargement. Sagittal MRI of the cervical spine demonstrated substantial and rapid enlargement of the contrast enhancing lesion at the cervicomedullary junction.
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What specific anatomical location is affected by the contrast enhancing lesion in the provided cervical spine MRI?",
"What characteristic of the lesion is emphasized in the description of the radiological image?",
"What imaging modality and orientation were used to visualize the lesion in this radiological study?"
] | 52
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000054
|
A 5.5 cm AAA in close relation with a 17 cm left renal cyst (one out of many).
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What are the potential risks associated with the proximity of the 5.5 cm abdominal aortic aneurysm to the 17 cm left renal cyst?",
"What imaging characteristics should be evaluated to determine the exact relationship between the abdominal aortic aneurysm and the renal cyst?",
"What clinical implications might arise from the presence of multiple renal cysts in conjunction with an abdominal aortic aneurysm?"
] | 53
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000055
|
Left ureteral catheter in close proximity to the aortic bifurcation.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are in close proximity to the left ureteral catheter as described in the radiological image caption?",
"What potential clinical implications could arise from the left ureteral catheter being near the aortic bifurcation?",
"How might the positioning of the left ureteral catheter relative to the aortic bifurcation affect urinary drainage or vascular structures?"
] | 54
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000056
|
Radiological image (axial cuts)Axial cut, soft tissue window contrast computed tomography of the neck showing a heterogeneously enhancing lesion of both sides of the supraglottis extending to the right pyriform sinus (lower arrow) invading the thyroid cartilage (upper arrow).
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the nature of the lesion observed in the supraglottis, and what are the implications of its heterogeneously enhancing characteristics on the differential diagnosis?",
"How does the extension of the lesion to the right pyriform sinus and invasion of the thyroid cartilage affect the staging and prognosis of the condition?"
] | 55
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000057
|
Chest radiograph (postero-anterior view) with calcification in the right heart border (arrows).
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] |
[
"What is the likely etiology of the calcification observed along the right heart border in the postero-anterior chest radiograph?",
"What are the differential diagnoses for calcification in the right heart border on a chest radiograph?",
"What imaging characteristics should be evaluated to differentiate between benign and malignant causes of calcification in this location?"
] | 56
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000058
|
Chest computed tomography (axial view) with cystic lesion in the pericardium (arrows).
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the location and appearance of the lesion identified in the pericardium on the axial chest computed tomography image?",
"What are the potential differential diagnoses for a cystic lesion observed in the pericardium on a chest CT scan?",
"What imaging characteristics should be evaluated to determine the nature and possible etiology of the cystic lesion in the pericardium?"
] | 57
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000059
|
Transthoracic 4 chamber echocardiogram poorly defined pericardial mass overlying right atrial border (arrow) [18]
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What is the location of the poorly defined pericardial mass as described in the radiological image caption?",
"What specific anatomical structure is the pericardial mass overlying, according to the image caption?",
"What imaging modality was used to visualize the pericardial mass described in the caption?"
] | 58
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000060
|
Time-of-flight MRA Obtained One Month After Initial ImagingTime-of-flight MR angiogram (MRA) one month after the patient was initially noted to be unresponsive showed absence of flow-related signal in the circle of Willis and branch arteries bilaterally. Red arrowheads indicate the distal internal carotid arteries with a lack of intracranial arterial flow.
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What specific vascular structures are indicated by the absence of flow-related signal in the provided time-of-flight MRA?",
"What does the lack of intracranial arterial flow in the distal internal carotid arteries suggest about the vascular status of the patient?",
"What anatomical region is primarily affected by the absence of flow-related signal in this radiological image?"
] | 59
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000061
|
Transoesophageal echocardiography showing mid esophageal 20° view. Left atrium tumor. RA right atrium, LA left atrium
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What specific anatomical structure is visualized in the mid esophageal 20° view, and what abnormality is observed within it?",
"Based on the description, what are the possible differential diagnoses for the tumor observed in the left atrium?",
"What are the typical imaging characteristics of a tumor in the left atrium that can be identified in a transoesophageal echocardiography?"
] | 60
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000062
|
Computed tomography; Transverse section: 6 cm defect involving the right atrium and the right inferior pulmonary vein, which appears markedly enlarged
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are involved in the 6 cm defect described in the computed tomography transverse section?",
"What is the significance of the right inferior pulmonary vein being described as markedly enlarged in this radiological finding?"
] | 61
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000063
|
MRI of the patient showed a soft/hard tissue mass (37 mm × 30 mm × 42 mm) in the anterior/posterior compartment of the left lower leg.
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What is the approximate size of the mass identified in the anterior/posterior compartment of the left lower leg based on the MRI findings?",
"What specific anatomical compartment of the left lower leg is described as containing the mass in the provided MRI caption?",
"What type of lesion is described in the MRI findings, and what are its potential differential diagnoses based on its location and size?"
] | 62
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000064
|
Sonographic craniocaudal measurement of a pancreatic allograft
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What is the clinical significance of measuring the craniocaudal length of a pancreatic allograft using sonography?",
"What anatomical landmarks are typically used to obtain an accurate craniocaudal measurement of a pancreatic allograft during sonographic evaluation?",
"How does the sonographic craniocaudal measurement of a pancreatic allograft correlate with the functional status or potential complications of the graft?"
] | 63
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000065
|
Postoperative radiograph taken after PROSTALAC (prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement) insertion and drainage of the iliopsoas bursa.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] |
[
"What specific radiological findings would you expect to observe in the iliopsoas bursa region on this postoperative radiograph following the insertion of PROSTALAC?",
"How is the positioning and integrity of the antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement prosthesis typically visualized on a postoperative radiograph of this nature?",
"What potential complications related to the iliopsoas bursa drainage and PROSTALAC insertion could be assessed on this radiological image?"
] | 64
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000066
|
Oblique coronal slices
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are typically visualized in oblique coronal slices, and how does the oblique orientation affect the representation of these structures?",
"What are the potential clinical indications for obtaining oblique coronal slices in a radiological examination?",
"How does the use of oblique coronal slices compare to standard coronal or axial slices in terms of diagnostic utility for specific pathologies?"
] | 65
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000067
|
PA chest X-ray revealed a well-demarcated 6 cm peripheral opacity in the left lower lobe nearly by the diaphragm.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] |
[
"What is the likely differential diagnosis for a well-demarcated 6 cm peripheral opacity in the left lower lobe near the diaphragm on a PA chest X-ray?",
"What imaging characteristics would help distinguish between a benign and a malignant lesion in this location?",
"What additional imaging modalities or studies might be considered to further evaluate the nature of this opacity?"
] | 66
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000068
|
Bone scintigraphy. Increased uptake in bilateral distal tibia, calcaneum, and midfoot bones corresponding to prior MRI findings, are in keeping with infective/inflammatory changes. No suspicious focus of increased radiotracer uptake is seen in the rest of the skeletal system to suggest disease involvement.
|
[
"C0032743"
] |
[
"What specific anatomical regions are showing increased radiotracer uptake on the bone scintigraphy, and what is the clinical significance of this finding?",
"What differential diagnoses should be considered for the increased uptake in the bilateral distal tibia, calcaneum, and midfoot bones based on the described findings?",
"What does the absence of suspicious radiotracer uptake in other parts of the skeletal system suggest regarding the extent of the disease process?"
] | 67
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000069
|
CT imaging of the abdomen revealed a small air collection within the wall of the ileum (red arrow); however, the finding was not clear.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the significance of identifying a small air collection within the wall of the ileum on the CT imaging of the abdomen?",
"What factors might contribute to the lack of clarity in visualizing the air collection within the ileal wall on the CT scan?"
] | 68
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000070
|
The small air collection within the wall of the ileum was more clearly defined as a smooth‐layered air collection (red arrow) using the lung window setting.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the significance of identifying a smooth-layered air collection within the wall of the ileum on the radiological image?",
"How does the use of the lung window setting enhance the visualization of the air collection in the ileal wall?",
"What differential diagnoses could be considered for a smooth-layered air collection observed in the ileum?"
] | 69
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000071
|
OPG showing cystic lesion.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0037303"
] |
[
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for a cystic lesion identified on an OPG, and what clinical features might help in narrowing down the diagnosis?",
"What imaging characteristics of the cystic lesion on the OPG could provide information about its nature, such as whether it is a dentigerous cyst, radicular cyst, or another type of lesion?",
"What additional radiological or histopathological investigations might be warranted to further evaluate the cystic lesion seen on this OPG?"
] | 70
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000072
|
CT scan showing lesion in right hemimandible.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the likely differential diagnosis for a lesion observed in the right hemimandible on the CT scan?",
"What imaging features should be evaluated on the CT scan to determine the nature of the lesion in the right hemimandible?",
"What anatomical structures in the right hemimandible are typically involved in lesions seen on a CT scan, and how might they be affected?"
] | 71
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000073
|
An asymptomatic patient who had underwent two level fusion at C3-C4, and C4-C5. A sagittal section magnetic resonance imaging scan showed minimal indentation at C2-C3, and C6-C7 levels, suggestive of radiological adjacent segment pathology.
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What specific findings are observed at the C2-C3 and C6-C7 levels on the sagittal MRI scan, and what is the clinical significance of these findings in the context of the patient's prior two-level cervical fusion?",
"How does the presence of minimal indentation at the C2-C3 and C6-C7 levels correlate with the concept of adjacent segment pathology following a cervical fusion procedure?"
] | 72
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000074
|
Sagittal section magnetic resonance imaging scan showing indentation at C3-C4 level, suggestive of adjacent segment pathology, in a case featuring three level fusions at C4-C7 and only axial neck pain.
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What anatomical features are observed at the C3-C4 level on the sagittal MRI scan, and what clinical condition does this finding suggest based on the context of the patient's history?",
"How does the presence of three-level fusions at C4-C7 correlate with the observed indentation at the C3-C4 level on the sagittal MRI scan?",
"What potential biomechanical implications might arise from the combination of adjacent segment pathology at C3-C4 and the multi-level spinal fusion at C4-C7?"
] | 73
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000075
|
X-ray hip. Crescent sign. Arrows showing the hypointense crescent.(Courtesy
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] |
[
"What is the significance of the hypointense crescent seen in the X-ray hip image, and what condition is it typically associated with?",
"How does the presence of the crescent sign on an X-ray of the hip help in the differential diagnosis of hip pathology?"
] | 74
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000076
|
MRI left hip T1T1 MRI image encircled, showing osteonecrosis in the femoral headband-like lesion.MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging
|
[
"C0024485"
] |
[
"What is the characteristic appearance of the osteonecrosis lesion observed in the femoral head on the T1-weighted MRI image, and how does it typically manifest in this imaging modality?",
"What are the potential differential diagnoses that should be considered for a band-like lesion in the femoral head on T1-weighted MRI, and how can they be distinguished from osteonecrosis based on imaging features?"
] | 75
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000077
|
Post-op grafting X-ray. X-ray showing bone grafting after decompression with the help of k-wires (Kirschner wires).
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] |
[
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the radiological image, and how is the placement of the Kirschner wires confirmed on the X-ray?",
"What is the purpose of the bone grafting seen in the image, and how does the X-ray help in assessing the success of the grafting procedure?",
"Are there any signs of complications such as malpositioning, fracture, or infection associated with the Kirschner wires or the grafted bone in the current image?"
] | 76
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000078
|
X-ray left hip with Tantalum rod. Tantalum rod in vivo highlighted by an arrow.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] |
[
"What is the purpose of the Tantalum rod seen in the X-ray of the left hip, and how does its radiopacity contribute to its visibility in the image?",
"How does the presence of the Tantalum rod affect the interpretation of surrounding bony structures in the X-ray image?"
] | 77
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000079
|
Three-dimensional ultrasound carotid artery longitudinal view in clinical trials [40]. Both baseline and follow-up 3D images, constructed from the set of 2D frames, were examined simultaneously to visually match the bifurcation (BF) points in both images by an operator blinded to time point and treatment. Each 3D US image was manually segmented starting from the bifurcation point extending into around 10–15 mm of common carotid artery (CCA) and about 10 mm into internal carotid artery (ICA) at 1 mm interval perpendicular to the artery axis; refer to Figure 3. This study was only carried out on the CCA, since the focus was on stroke risk.
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What specific anatomical structures were segmented in the 3D ultrasound images, and what was the extent of segmentation in each of these structures?",
"How was the bifurcation point used in the segmentation process, and why was it chosen as the starting point for segmentation?",
"Why was the focus of this study limited to the common carotid artery, and what clinical relevance does this have in the context of stroke risk assessment?"
] | 78
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000080
|
“Prone Breast CT Slice.” Slice of prone breast treatment plan, demonstrating an intended reduction in absorbed dose near the breast board/skin interface.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are primarily visualized in the prone breast CT slice, and how does the positioning affect the imaging characteristics observed?",
"What specific radiological features or modifications are indicated in the treatment plan to reduce the absorbed dose near the breast board/skin interface?",
"How does the imaging technique used in this prone breast CT slice contribute to the accuracy of dose distribution assessment in radiation therapy planning?"
] | 79
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000081
|
Ultrasonogram of thyroid showing calcifications with hypoechoic lesion (label).
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What is the significance of the presence of calcifications in the thyroid on this ultrasonogram, and what potential pathological conditions might they suggest?",
"How does the hypoechoic nature of the lesion on the ultrasonogram influence the differential diagnosis of thyroid pathology?"
] | 80
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000082
|
Ductus arteriosus in TOF-PA arising proximally from the underside of the aortic arch inserting onto the proximal part of the LPA. Significant stenosis of the LPA is present. The tip of a JR catheter passed transvenously into the aorta via the VSD is engaged in the ampulla for adequate visualization
|
[
"C0002978"
] |
[
"What anatomical relationship is described between the ductus arteriosus and the aortic arch in this radiological image?",
"What specific finding is noted regarding the left pulmonary artery (LPA) in this image?",
"What is the purpose of the JR catheter's position in the ampulla as described in the radiological image caption?"
] | 81
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000083
|
Fluoroscopic barium study demonstrating oral contrast agent progression through the small bowel at 5 min after ingestion.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0000726"
] |
[
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the fluoroscopic barium study, and how is the contrast agent distributed within them at 5 minutes after ingestion?",
"What does the progression of the oral contrast agent through the small bowel suggest about the motility and patency of the gastrointestinal tract at the time of the examination?"
] | 82
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000084
|
Fluoroscopic barium study demonstrating oral contrast agent progression through the small bowel at 30 min after ingestion.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0000726",
"C1999039"
] |
[
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the fluoroscopic barium study, and how is the contrast agent distributed within these structures at 30 minutes post-ingestion?",
"What does the progression of the oral contrast agent through the small bowel suggest about the patency and motility of the gastrointestinal tract?"
] | 83
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000085
|
Fluoroscopic barium study demonstrating oral contrast agent progression through the small bowel at 1 h after ingestion. The stomach is distended, with dilated bowel loops throughout the abdomen.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0000726",
"C1999039"
] |
[
"What findings suggest possible delayed gastric emptying or small bowel motility dysfunction based on the description of the fluoroscopic barium study?",
"What clinical conditions could be associated with the presence of distended stomach and dilated bowel loops observed on this fluoroscopic examination?",
"What additional radiological features would be important to assess in order to differentiate between mechanical and functional small bowel obstruction in this case?"
] | 84
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000086
|
Fluoroscopic barium study demonstrating oral contrast agent progression through the small bowel at 5 h after ingestion. Dilated bowel loops can be visualized throughout the abdomen, and transit time is delayed. Impression—high-grade distal small bowel obstruction.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0000726",
"C1999039"
] |
[
"What anatomical findings are described in the fluoroscopic barium study that suggest a high-grade distal small bowel obstruction?",
"How is the delayed transit time of the oral contrast agent demonstrated in the radiological image caption?",
"What clinical implications might the presence of dilated bowel loops throughout the abdomen have in the context of small bowel obstruction?"
] | 85
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000087
|
Abdominal X-ray showing scattered air-fluid levels in minimally prominent small bowel loops (case 1).
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0000726",
"C1999039"
] |
[
"What is the significance of the presence of scattered air-fluid levels in the small bowel loops observed in this abdominal X-ray?",
"How does the description of minimally prominent small bowel loops correlate with the clinical presentation in this case?"
] | 86
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000088
|
Dilated multiple loops of proximal small bowel with collapsed distal loops of small bowel consistent with small bowel obstruction (case 1).
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What anatomical findings are consistent with small bowel obstruction in the provided radiological image?",
"What is the distinguishing feature between the proximal and distal small bowel loops observed in this case?",
"What potential etiologies could be considered for the observed small bowel obstruction based on the radiological findings?"
] | 87
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000089
|
Chest X-ray showing the massive cardiomegaly.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] |
[
"What are the potential underlying causes of the massive cardiomegaly observed on the chest X-ray?",
"What additional radiological findings might be expected in a patient with massive cardiomegaly on a chest X-ray?",
"What clinical conditions are commonly associated with massive cardiomegaly as seen in this radiological image?"
] | 88
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000090
|
FDG-PET showed accumulation, with a maximum standardized uptake value of 2.9 for the lesion, and the possibility of malignancy could not be excluded
|
[
"C0032743"
] |
[
"What is the significance of a maximum standardized uptake value of 2.9 in the context of FDG-PET imaging for lesion evaluation?",
"What factors might contribute to the inability to exclude malignancy based on the FDG-PET findings described in the caption?"
] | 89
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000091
|
Chest X-ray showing no evidence of acute lung pathology.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] |
[
"What specific findings are absent in the chest X-ray that would indicate acute lung pathology?",
"Are there any structural abnormalities of the lungs, heart, or mediastinum visible on the chest X-ray?",
"What clinical conditions related to the lungs could be excluded based on the absence of acute lung pathology in this chest X-ray?"
] | 90
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000092
|
Grey-scale sonographic image of the same invasive lobular carcinoma shown in Fig. 1. Note the typical sonographic presentation with irregular margins, posterior acoustic shadowing, and disruption of normal fascial planes. Calipers are placed on the image to delineate margins of the mass
|
[
"C0041618"
] |
[
"What specific sonographic features are described in the image that are characteristic of invasive lobular carcinoma?",
"How does the disruption of normal fascial planes contribute to the sonographic diagnosis of this type of carcinoma?",
"What is the purpose of placing calipers on the image, and how does this aid in the evaluation of the lesion?"
] | 91
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000093
|
Chest radiography, posterior view showing pneumothorax at right.
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] |
[
"What specific findings are observed in the right lung field on the posterior chest radiography, and what clinical implications might they suggest?",
"What anatomical structures are typically evaluated in a posterior chest radiography, and how does the presence of pneumothorax affect the appearance of these structures?",
"What are the possible causes of pneumothorax identified in the right lung on this radiographic image, and what further diagnostic steps might be warranted?"
] | 92
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000094
|
Computed tomography. Post-operative 2 years computed tomography at portal phase showing multicentric recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the liver.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What specific imaging features are typically associated with multicentric recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma on portal phase computed tomography?",
"What are the potential differential diagnoses that should be considered when identifying multicentric liver lesions on a post-operative portal phase CT scan?",
"What are the common morphological and enhancement characteristics of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma observed during portal phase imaging?"
] | 93
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000095
|
Normal upper gastrointestinal barium study post bariatric gastric bypass. Showing surgical drain (short arrow), gastric pouch (long arrow), jejunum distal to gastro-jejunostomy (hashed arrow). Note the normal jejunal fold pattern.
|
[
"C0002978"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are identified in the radiological image, and how are they labeled within the image?",
"What is the significance of the normal jejunal fold pattern observed in the distal jejunum?",
"What is the purpose of the surgical drain visualized in the image, and how is it typically managed postoperatively?"
] | 94
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000096
|
Normal upper abdominal CT scan with intravenous contrast medium. Gastric pouch (long arrow), staple line crossing the gastric body and defunctioning the distal stomach (short arrow). Note the undistended gastric remnant and normal calibre small bowel.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What anatomical structures are specifically identified in the radiological image, and what is their clinical significance in the context of upper abdominal surgery?",
"What findings suggest that the gastric remnant is not distended, and how does this relate to the overall post-operative status of the patient?",
"What does the normal calibre of the small bowel indicate about the absence of any obstructive or inflammatory pathology in the region?"
] | 95
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000097
|
Upper abdominal CT scan with IV contrast enhancement 10 days post bypass procedure, showing a large irregular abscess containing gas and semi-solid material in the upper abdomen (short arrows). Note the upper margin of the gastric staple line (long arrow). The collection was drained percutaneously but a further laparotomy was required to repair a leak at the gastro-jejunostomy site.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the appearance of the abscess on the upper abdominal CT scan, and what specific imaging features are described within it?",
"What anatomical structure is indicated by the long arrow in the image, and what is its clinical significance in the context of the described findings?",
"What intervention was performed to address the abscess, and what additional surgical procedure was required based on the imaging findings?"
] | 96
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000098
|
Upper gastrointestinal contrast study performed several weeks after bypass surgery. The gastric staple line has broken down and contrast enters the defunctioned stomach (arrows). Note the gas filled fundus/gastric pouch (asterix).
|
[
"C1306645",
"C0000726"
] |
[
"What anatomical structure is indicated by the arrows in the radiological image, and what does the presence of contrast in this area suggest about its integrity?",
"What is the significance of the gas-filled fundus or gastric pouch as noted by the asterix in the context of the described surgical history?"
] | 97
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000099
|
Upper abdominal CT examination in a patient approximately three months after bariatric gastric bypass, performed for upper abdominal pain. There are abnormal liver appearances with multiple small well defined areas of low attenuation (long arrows) together with a larger more confluent area with a typical ‘geographical’ appearance peripherally in the right lobe (short arrows). These changes were due to patchy fatty infiltration.
|
[
"C0040405"
] |
[
"What is the likely radiological finding responsible for the multiple small well-defined areas of low attenuation observed in the liver on the upper abdominal CT scan?",
"What is the significance of the larger, more confluent area with a ‘geographical’ appearance in the right lobe of the liver on this CT examination?",
"How does the described pattern of liver attenuation correlate with the clinical context of the patient having undergone bariatric gastric bypass surgery?"
] | 98
|
|
ROCOv2_2023_train_000100
|
Upper GI contrast study after gastric banding showing rapid transit past the band (arrows) indicating that it is too loose.
|
[
"C0002978"
] |
[
"What anatomical structure is indicated by the arrows in the radiological image, and what does its appearance suggest about the function of the gastric band?",
"Based on the observation of rapid transit past the band, what potential clinical implication might this have for the patient's post-operative management?"
] | 99
|
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
ROCOv2: Radiology Object in COntext version 2
Introduction
ROCOv2 is a multimodal dataset consisting of radiological images and associated medical concepts and captions extracted from the PMC Open Access Subset. It is an updated version of the ROCO dataset, adding 35,705 new images and improving concept extraction and filtering.
Dataset Overview
The ROCOv2 dataset contains 79,789 radiological images, each with a corresponding caption and medical concepts. The images are sourced from openly available publications in the PMC Open Access Subset, licensed under CC BY or CC BY-NC.
Dataset Statistics
- 79,789 radiological images
- 59,958 images in the training set
- 9,904 images in the validation set
- 9,927 images in the test set
- 1,947 unique CUIs overall
- 1,947 CUIs in the training set
- 1,760 CUIs in the validation set
- 1,754 CUIs in the test set
Dataset Creation
The dataset was created by downloading the full PMC Open Access Subset via FTP, extracting the images and captions, and filtering the images using two binary classification models. The models achieved accuracies of about 90% and 98.6%, respectively.
Filtering Steps
- Non-compound image filtering: removed 15,315,657 images
- Radiological image filtering: removed 64,831 images
- License filtering: removed 10,392 images from papers not licensed under CC BY or CC BY-NC
- Duplicate removal: removed 2,056 duplicates
- Caption filtering: removed 1,528 images with non-English captions and very short captions without relevant information
Transformers Dataset generation
The dataset hosted in Hugging Face hub was generated with this notebook
All the source images and code can be found on our GitHub repo
Dataset Labels and Concepts
The dataset labels and concepts were generated using the Medical Concept Annotation Toolkit v1.10.0 (MedCAT) and manually curated concepts for modality (all images), body region (X-ray only), and directionality (X-ray only).
Labeling and Concept Generation Workflow
The labeling and concept generation workflow consisted of the following steps:
- Image caption extraction
- Concept extraction using MedCAT
- Manual curation of concepts for modality, body region, and directionality
- Combination of automatically generated and manually curated concepts
Use Cases
The ROCOv2 dataset can be used for various applications, including:
- Training image annotation models based on image-caption pairs
- Multi-label image classification using UMLS concepts
- Pre-training of medical domain models
- Evaluation of deep learning models for multi-task learning
- Image retrieval and caption generation tasks
Citation
If you use the ROCOv2 dataset in your research, please cite the following paper:
Pelka, O., Menze, B. H., & Rexhausen, S. E. (2023). Radiology Objects in COntext version 2 (ROCOv2): A multimodal dataset for medical image analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.10004.
@misc {ronan_l.m._2024,
author = { {Ronan L.M.} },
title = { ROCOv2-radiology (Revision 5d66908) },
year = 2024,
url = { https://huggingface.co/datasets/eltorio/ROCOv2-radiology },
doi = { 10.57967/hf/3489 },
publisher = { Hugging Face }
}
License
The ROCOv2 dataset is licensed under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the National Library of Medicine (NLM) for providing access to the PMC Open Access Subset. We also acknowledge the creators of the Medical Concept Annotation Toolkit (MedCAT) for providing a valuable tool for concept extraction and annotation.
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